--- title: "Vol 3 2" book: "PG MPUB 201 (2nd Sem) Sustainable Development Admn" category: "PG MPUB" publisher: "Ratan Prakashan Mandir Pvt. Ltd." type: "Educational Material" ---  According to Latest Syllabus Read For Sure Success In University Examination RATAN TEXT BOOK SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION Vol-3 M.A.Pub.Ad. (Sem-II) Dr. Sukumar Dey Published by Ratan Prakashan Mandir Pvt. Ltd. 2nd Floor, Centre Plaza, Parinay Kunj, Lajpat Kunj Marg, Agra-282002 Copyright Authors & Publishers Published by Ratan Prakashan Mandir Pvt. Ltd. 2nd Floor, Centre Plaza, Parinay Kunj, Lajpat Kunj Marg, Agra-282002 ISBN :978-81-69604-99-4 Price 175.00 only Printed at : KIDS INTERNATIONAL PVT. LTD. C-60, 61, 62, 63, EPIP, Shastripuram, Agra - 282007 Ph. : +91 9719004921 UNIT-13 Consumer Protection and Administration: Concept and Significance, Consumer Protection Act, 2019, Administrative Setup of the Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies: National, State and District Level. Structure 13.1    Introduction 13.2    learning Objective 13.3    Consumer Protection and Administration: Concept and Significance Self-Check Exercise-1 13.4    Consumer Protection Act, 2019 Self-Check Exercise-2 13.5    Administrative Setup of the Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies: National Level, StateLevel, District Level Self-Check Exercise-3 13. 6 Summary 13.7    Glossary 13.8    Answer to Self-Check Exercise 13.9    References/Suggested Readings 13.10    Terminal Questions 13.1    Introduction Consumer protection is the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the public, against unfair practices in the marketplace. Consumer protection measures are often established by law. Such laws are intended to prevent businesses from engaging in fraud or specified unfair practices in order to gain an advantage over competitors or to mislead consumers. They may also provide additional protection for the general public which may be impacted by a product (or its production) even when they are not the direct purchaser or consumer of that product. For example, government regulations may require businesses to disclose detailed information about their products—particularly in areas where public health or safety is an issue, such as with food or automobiles. Consumer protection is linked to the idea of consumer rights and to the formation of consumer organizations, which help consumers, make better choices in the marketplace and pursue complaints against businesses. Entities that promote consumer protection include government organizations (such as the Federal Trade Commission in the United States), self-regulating business organizations (such as the Better Business Bureaus in the US, Canada, England, etc.), and non-governmental organizations that advocate for consumer protection laws and help to ensure their enforcement (such as consumer protection agencies and watchdog groups. A consumer is defined as someone who acquires goods or services for direct use or ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing. Consumer interests can also serve consumers, consistent with economic efficiency, but this topic is treated in competition law. Consumer protection can also be asserted via non-government organizations and individuals as consumer activism. Efforts made for protection of consumer's right and interests are: •    The right to satisfaction of basic needs •    The right to safety •    The right to be informed •    The right to choose •    The right to be heard •    The right to redress •    The right to consumer education •    The right to a healthy environment 2 13.2    Learning Objectives After Learning through this lesson the students will be able to know: •    Consumer Protection and Administration: Concept and Significance •    Consumer Protection Act, 2019 •    Administrative Setup of the Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies 13.3    Consumer Protection and Administration: Concept and Significance United Nations Organ, i.e. Economic and Social Council urged the need of Protecting the Consumers in 1976’s. As a result, the United Nations came out with Guidelines for Consumers’ Protection by Consensus” on 9th April 1985. In USA, there is already a peaceful institution. “The Consumer Product Safety Commission.” Same is the case with other European countries. The thrust of all these experiences made the developing countries realize the need of some institutions to protect the consumers. Good Governance is the most important and essential to protect the consumers in the age of globalization, liberalization and privatization. Consumers are always at the mercy of producers and distributors. They are cheated. Though there are many remedies available but due to lack of good governance, these agencies are not yielding desired results. Citizens have always been exploited by agencies and institutions, both in private and public sectors are not organized formally to take remedial action. Such complaints are more in public utility services like Electricity, Water, Gas, Railways, and Transport because of their monopolistic nature. Besides, the legal machinery is beyond the purview of a common citizen. Rosy Kumar in his article, “The Consumers’ Protection Act vis-a-vis the Monopolies and Restrictive Trace Practices Act: A Comparative Approach rightly observes, “In the past the consumer was considered supreme and occupied a central position in the economy. However, with the advance of the economy, increasing liberalization and technological advancement, the focus of corporate, has gradually shifted from the consumer to profit at any cost, reducing the concept of consumer sovereignty to a mere myth than reality. Foregoing discussion on the contributions of a Consumer Protection and operations in relation to the accountability of services providers to their consumers reveal that through efficient and effective implementation of the consumer law the quality of services affecting the consumers’ rights and interests may be improved to a considerable extent. In this way, the concern of the good governance movement in enhancing the accountability of public services providers can be guaranteed, It is true that the improvement in service delivery sector will no doubt have direct impact on the quality of better life This may in turn result n emergence of the better society for tomorrow. A society which is responsible, caring and accountable will certainly be considered a better place to live in. therefore, the need of accountability of service providers, be they in public sector, private sector or co-operative sector, should not be over emphasized. One may like to add finally that the accountability, inter-alia, is the soul of good governance and the absence of it is the sign of bad governance. Twelfth Report on Standing Committee on Food Civil Supplies and Public Distribution 2001 (13th Lok Sabha), Section 3 of Consumer Protection Act, 1986 stresses the need of the Act in the following words Consumer protection law or consumer law is considered as an area of law that regulates private law relationships between individual consumers and the businesses that sell those goods and services. Consumer protection covers a wide range of topics, including but not necessarily limited to product liability, privacy rights, unfair business practices, fraud, misrepresentation, and other consumers/business interactions. It is a way of preventing frauds and scams from service and sales contracts, eligible fraud, bill collector regulation, pricing, utility turnoffs, consolidation, personal loans that may lead to bankruptcy. There have been some arguments that consumer law is also a better way to engage in large-scale redistribution than tax law because it does not necessitate legislation and can be more efficient, given the complexities of tax law •    India In India, consumer protection is specified in The Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Under this law, Separate Consumer Dispute Redress Forums have been set up throughout India in every district in which a consumer can file their complaint on a simple paper with nominal court fees and their complaint will be decided by the Presiding Officer of the District Level. The complaint can be filed by both the consumer of goods as well as of the services. An appeal could be filed to the State Consumer Disputes Redress Commissions and after that to the National Consumer Disputes Redresal Commission (NCDRC). The procedures in these tribunals are relatively less formal and more people-friendly and they also take less time to decide upon a consumer dispute when compared to the years-long time taken by the traditional Indian judiciary. In recent years, many effective judgments have been passed by some state and National Consumer Forums. Indian Contract Act, 1872 lays down the conditions in which promises made by parties to a contract will be legally binding on each other. It also lays down the remedies available to the aggregate party if the other party fails to honor their promise. The Sale of Goods Act of 1930 provides some safeguards to buyers of goods if goods purchased do not fulfill the express or implied conditions and warranties. The Agriculture Produce Act of 1937 act provides grade standards for agricultural commodities and livestock products. It specifies the conditions which govern the use of standards and lays down the procedure for grading, marking and packaging of agricultural produce. The quality mark provided under the act is known as AGMARK-Agriculture Marketing. •    Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 What is the concept and significance of consumer protection and administration? 13.4    Consumer Protection Act, 2019 Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is an Act of the Parliament of India. It repeals and replaces the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.The Consumer Protection Act , 2019 was introduced in the Lok Sabha as a replacement of Copra 1986 on 8 July 2019 by the Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Ram Vilas Paswan. It was passed by Lok Sabha on 30 July 2019 and later passed in Rajya Sabha on 6 August 2019. The bill received assent from President Ram Nath Kovind on 9 August, and was notified in The Gazette of India on the same date. The Act came into effect by 20 July 2020, while certain other provisions of the Act like establishing the Central Consumer Protection Authority came into effect from 24 July 2020. The Act features focuses on giving customer more power by taking transparency to another level. In September 2020 government declared a new draft known as advertising code which gives customer protection against false advertisements. • Rights of Consumers The consumer protection bill 2019 primarily defines the following consumer rights. 1.    Be protected against marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property. 2.    Be informed of the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of goods and services. 3.    Be assured of access to a variety of goods or services at competitive prices. 4.    Seek redressal against unfair and restrictive trade practices • Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 Discuss the main provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. 13.5 Administrative Setup of the Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies: National Level,State Level, District Level Establishment of Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies: The following agencies have been established for the purposes of this act: a) a Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum to be known as the “District Forum” established by the State Government in each district of the state by notification. State if it deems necessary can establish more than one forum. b) A Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission to be known as the “State Commission” established by the State Government in the state by notification; and c) A National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission established by the Central Government by notification. At present, there are 34 State commissions, one for Union Territories of ‘Daman & Diu’ and ‘Dadra & Nagar Haveli’ and one in each of the remaining States/UTs and 588 District Fora besides the National Commission. The state governments are responsible to set-up the District Fora and State Commissions. States have been empowered to establish additional District forums and additional benches in the State commissions and also to hold circuit benches. The Central Government set-up the National commission in 1988 at New Delhi. It has been empowered by the act to appoint additional Members to facilitate creation of more benches and holding of circuit benches by the National Commission. The third bench of die Commission has started functioning from 13 July 2004. • Composition of the District Forum: Each district forum consists of: a)    President- a person who is, or has been, or is qualified to be a District Judge. b)    Two other members, who are persons of ability, integrity and standing, and have adequate knowledge or experience of, or have shown capacity in dealing with, problems relating to economics, law, commerce, accountancy, industiy, public affairs or administration, one of whom must be a woman. (i)    Selection All appointments at the district forum are made by the State Government on the recommendations of a selection committee consisting of the following namely: (i)    The President of the State Commission - Chairman (ii)    Secretary, Law Department of the State - Member (iii)    Secretary, in-charge of the Department dealing - Member with consumer affairs in the state Provided that where the President of the State Commission is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to act a Chairman of the Selection Committee, the State Government may refer the matter to the Chief Justice of the High Court for nomination of a sitting Judge of that High Court to act as Chairman. •    Tenure Every member of the District Forum holds the office for a term of five years extendable for another term of 5 years or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. Provided that a member may resign his office in writing under his hand-addressed to the State Government and on such resignation being accepted, his office shall become vacant and may be filled by the appointment of a person possessing any of the qualifications mentioned earlier in relation to the category of the member who has resigned. •    Qualification a)    a person who is, or has been, or is qualified to be a District Judge, who shall be its President; b)    two other members, one of whom shall be a woman, who shall have the following qualifications, namely: i.    be not less than thirty-five years of age, ii.    possess a bachelor’s degree from a recognized university, iii.    be persons of ability, integrity and standing, and have adequate knowledge and experience of at least ten years in dealing with problems relating to economics, law, commerce, accountancy, industry, public affairs or administration: Provided that a person shall be disqualified for appointment as member, if he a)    has been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for an offence which, in the opinion of the State Government, involves moral turpitude; or b)    is an undischarged insolvent; or c)    is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent Court; or d)    has been removed or dismissed from the service of the Government or a body corporate owned or controlled by the Government; or e)    has, in the opinion of the State Government, such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially the discharge by him of his functions as a member; or f)    has such other disqualifications as may be prescribed by the State Government.] The salary or honorarium and other allowances payable to, and the other terms and conditions of service of the members of the District Forum are such as may be prescribed by the State Government. • Jurisdiction of the District Forum 1)    Subject to the other provisions of this act, the District Forum shall have jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of the goods or services and the compensation, if any, claimed does not exceed rupees 20 lakhs. 2)    A complaint shall be instituted in a District forum within the local limits of whose jurisdiction. 3)    to discontinue the unfair trade practice or the restrictive trade practice or not to repeat them, 4)    not to offer the hazardous goods for sale; 5)    to withdraw the hazardous goods from being offered for sale; and 6)    to provide for adequate costs to parties. •    State Commission Any person aggrieved by an order made by the District Forum may prefer an appeal against such order to the State Commission within a period of thirty days from the date of the order, in such form and manner as may be prescribed. The power of the District Forum has been increased to cases Worth 20 Lakhs. •    Composition of the State Commission Each State Commission consists of: a)    a person who is or has been a Judge of a High Court, appointed by the State Government, who shall be its president: Provided that no appointment under this clause shall be made except after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court. Two other members, who shall be persons of ability, integrity and standing and have adequate knowledge or experience of, or have shown capacity in dealing with, problems relating to economics, law’, commerce, accountancy, industry, public affairs or administration, one of whom shall be a woman. Provided further that a person shall be disqualified for appointment as a member if he - b)    has been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for an. offence which, in the opinion of the State Government, involves moral turpitude; or c)    is an undischarged insolvent; or d)    is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a complaint Court; or e)    has been removed or dismissed from the service of the Government of a body corporate owned or controlled by the Government; or f)    has, in the opinion of the State Government, such financial or other interest, as is likely to affect prejudicially the discharge by him of his functions as member; or g)    has such other disqualifications as may be prescribed by the State Government. h)    Provided that every appointment under this clause shall be made by the state Government on the recommendation of a selection committee consisting of the following, namely- (i)    President of the State Commission – Chairman (ii)    Secretary of the Law Department of the State - Member (iii)    Secretary in-charge of Department dealing with - Member consumer affairs in the state Provided that where the President of the State Commission is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to act as Chairman of the Selection Committee, the State Government may refer the matter to the Chief Justice of the High Court for nominating a sitting Judge of that High Court to act as Chairman. (2)    The salary or honorarium and other allowances payable to, and the other terms aind conditions of service of, the members of the State Commissions shall be such as may be prescribed by the State Government. (3)    Every member of the State Commission shall hold office for a term of five years extendable to another terms of 5 years or up to age of sixty-seven years whichever is earlier. (4)    Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3), a person appointed as a President or as a member before the commencement of the Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act, 1993, shall continue to hold office as President or member, as the case may be, till the completion of his term. • Jurisdiction of the State Commission Subject to the other provisions of this Act, the State Commission shall have jurisdiction to entertain i.    complaints where the value of the goods or services and compensation, if any, claimed exceeds, 20 lakhs but not more than one crores rupees ii.    appeals against the orders of any District Forum within the State; and iii.    to call for the records and pass appropriate orders in any consumer dispute which is pending before or has been decided by any District Forum within the State, where it appears to the State Commission that such District Forum has exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law, or has failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested or has acted in exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity. A complaint shall be instituted in a State Commission within the limits of whose jurisdiction a)    the opposite party or each of the opposite parties, where there are more than one, at the time of the institution of the complaint, actually and voluntarily resides or carries on business or has a branch office or personally works for gain; or b)    any of the opposite parties, where there are more than one, at the time of the institution of the complaint, actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business or has a branch office or personally works for gain, provided that in such case either the permission of the State Commission is given or the opposite parties who do not reside or carry on business or have a branch, office or personally works for gain, as the case may be, acquiesce in such institution; or c)    the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises.] 90 [Provided further that no appeal by a person who is required to pay any amount in terms of an order of the State Commission, shall be entertained by the National Commission unless the appellant deposited in the prescribed manner fifty percent. Of the amount or rupees thirty-five thousand, whichever is less. •    Transfer of Cases On the application of the complainant or of its own motion, the State Government may, at any stage of the proceedings, transfer within the State if the interest of justice so requires. •    Circuit Benches The State Commission shall ordinarily function in the State Capital but may perform its functions at such other place as the State Government may, in consultation with the State Commission, notify in the Official Gazette, from time to time. Procedure applicable to State Commissions-The provisions of Sections 12, 13 and 14 and the rules made there under for the disposal of complaints by the Disposal of disputes by the State Commission. •    Appeals Any person aggrieved by an order made by the State Commission m exercise of its powers conferred by sub-clause (i) of clause (a) of section 17 may prefer an appeal against such order to the National Commission within a period of thirty days from the date of the order in such form and manner as may be prescribed. Provided that the National Commission may entertain an appeal after the expiry of the said period of thirty days if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not filing it within that period. •    Hearing of Appeal An appeal filed before the State Government or the National Commission shall be heard as expeditiously as possible and an endeavor shall be made to finally dispose of the appeal within a period of ninety days from the date of its admissions: Provided that no adjournment shall be ordinarily granted by the State Commission or the National Commission, as the case may be unless sufficient cause is shown and the reasons for grant of adjournment have been recorded in writing by such Commission Provided further that the State Commission or the National Commission, as the case may be, shall make such orders as to the costs occasioned by the adjournment as may be provided in the regulations made under this Act: Provided also that in the event of an appeal being disposed of after the period sc specified’, the State Commission or, the National Commission, as the case may be, shall record in writing the reasons for the same at-the time of disposing of the said appeal. • Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Elaborate about the administrative setup of the consumer disputes redressal agencies. Q.2 Discuss about the Jurisdiction of the State Commission. 13.6    Summary Consumer protection in India aims to safeguard the rights and interests of consumers, ensuring they are treated fairly and provided with accurate information about products and services. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019, strengthens consumer rights by establishing Consumer Protection Councils and the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) to address grievances and enforce consumer rights. Key aspects include protection against hazardous goods, unfair trade practices, and de ceptive advertising. Consumers have the right to seek redressal through consumer courts at district, state, and national levels. Additionally, initiatives like the "Jago Grahak Jago" campaign raise awareness about consumer rights. Overall, consumer protection in India ensures a transparent and accountable marketplace, promoting consumer confidence and trust. 13.7    Glossary •    Consumer protection and administration: Consumer protection is the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the public, against unfair practices in the marketplace. •    Dispute redressal agencies: of India is a quasi-judicial commission in India which was set up in 1988 under the Consumer Prote1c2tion Act, 1986. 13.8    Answer to Self-Check ExerciseSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 13.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 13.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 13.5 Ans 2. Refer to section 13.5 13.9    References/Suggested Readings 1.    M.R.Ansari: Protecting Human rights, Maxford Books, New Delhi, 2006. 2.    Noor Jahan Bava (ed.): Non Governmental organizations in Development: Theory and Practice. Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi, 1997 3.    R. K. Sapru: Develolpment Administration. Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002 4.    sS.K. Sharma & S.P. Verma: Development Administration, IIPS New Delhi, 1984. 5.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection 6.    http://ncdrc.nic.in/bare_acts/1_1_2.html 7.    https://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/srsec319new/319EL24.pdf 8.    https://scdrc.ap.nic.in/consumer1.html 9.    https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/consumerprotection/9.php?Title= Consumer%20Protection%20A 13.10    Terminal Questions Q.1 Critically examine the Consumer Protection Act, 2019? Q. 2 Discuss the administrative set up of the Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies? UNIT-14 Human Rights and Administration: Concepts and Significance Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. National and State Human Rights Commissions: Organization, Functions and Role. Structure 14.1    Introduction 14.2    Learning Objective 14.3    Human Rights Concepts and Significance Self-Check Exercise-1 14.4    Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Self-Check Exercise-2 14.5    National and State Human Rights Commission Self-Check Exercise-3 14.6    Human Rights Commissions Functions and role Self-Check Exercise-4 14.7    Summary 14.8    Glossary 14.9    Answer to Self-Check Exercise 14.10    References/Suggested Readings 14.11    Terminal Questions 14.1    Introduction All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. The inherent dignity of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom and justice and peace in the world as given in the Universal declaration of human rights in its preamble. Human rights are the moral claims, which are inalienable and inherent in all human individuals by virtue of their humanity alone. These are the rights of all human beings, because they are born in human family. The concept of human rights and the human rights movement is getting more and more impetus in today’s social and political background because it is now universally accepted need that human rights are essential in human lives and hence they must be protected without ensuring the guarantee of human rights. Development Administration would remain only on paper. Development Administration must ensure that Human Rights are made available to all to enjoy decent life. Development would be of no use until and unless. Development Administration creates conditions under which human beings can enjoy the inherent Human Rights. The overall evidence suggests that while there are some gains to the poorer sections of the society, the Development Administration in general moved in a direction that is helpful to the powerful classes. They used all the organs of the State to their advantage, whenever it was permissible and against the poor whenever it was necessary. In the process, the guarantees given to the poor both in the Part 111 and Part IV of the Indian Constitution started getting dichotomized. This dichotomization brought in the whole range of debate of prioritization and varied interpretations of the letter and spirit of the constitutional scheme of things. This gave rise to the arguments, such as directive principals vs. political rights and development vs. distribution. It has been in a way, a playground and every one played the game the way that suited his self-interest and not conformed to some principle or norm. The governing class, by and large, moved towards the powerful or drawn from the powerful they confirming the thesis that power begets power. The powerless are reduced into mere member of the society, if not a burden to development? Vested interests never allow the Development Administration to function as they feel that this will reduce their authority. Development Administration must protect the interests of powerless to ensure equity and social justice. 14.2    Learning Objectives After Learning through this lesson, the students will be able to know: •    Concepts and Significance of Human Rights. •    Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. •    National and State Human Rights Commissions. •    Functions and Role of Human Rights Commissions. 14.3    Human Rights Concepts and Significance The world today, has accepted the notion that all human beings are entitled to and are empowered for a dignified existence. It is a common phenomenon that human beings everywhere, demand the realization of diverse values to ensure their individual and collective well-being. However, these demands or rights are denied through exploitation, oppression, persecution, etc, in many countries of the world. Human rights gained attention at the international level following the Second World War, where millions of people lost their lives. Horrified by the devastation of life caused by the Second World War, members of the United Nations (UN) took a pledge to take measures for the achievement of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all. The term 'human rights' which is used since World War II, gained importance in contemporary debates and became a universal phenomenon. After the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on December 10, 1948 by the United Nations, it was seen by many as a sign of optimism for the better protection, promotion and enforcement of human rights. However, 50 years since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it has been reported that human rights abuses has not decreased. The world is filled with examples of violations of basic rights such as censorship, discrimination, political imprisonment, torture, slavery, disappearances, genocide, extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests and killings, poverty, etc. The rights of women and children are also ignored in many different ways. •    Definition of Human Rights There are various contemporary definitions of human rights. The UN defined human rights as those rights which are inherent in our state of nature and without which we cannot live as human beings. Human rights belong to every person and do not depend on the specifics of the individual or the relationship between the right-holder and the right guarantor. Human rights are the rights that everyone has equally by virtue of their humanity. It is grounded in an appeal to our human nature. Christian Bay defined human rights as any claims that ought to have legal and moral protection to make sure that basic needs will be met.^ Human rights can be defined as those minimum rights which every individual must h1a6ve against the state or other public authority by virtue of his being a member of the human family. Shree P. P. Rao said human rights are the inherent dignity and inalienable rights of all members of the human family recognizing them as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. For D. D. Raphael, human rights in a general sense denote the rights of humans. However, in a more specific sense, human rights constitute those rights which one has precisely because of being a human. In the words of Michael Freeden, a human right is a conceptual device, expressed in linguistic form that assigns priority to certain human or social attributes regarded as essential to the adequate functioning of a human being that is intended to serve as a protective capsule for those attributes; and that appeals for a deliberate action to ensure such a protection. Scot Davidson defined human rights as closely connected with the protection of individuals from the exercise of state government or authority in certain areas of their lives. It is also directed towards the creation of social conditions by the state in which individuals can develop their fullest potential.^ David Selby defined human rights as those rights which pertain to all persons and are possessed by every individual because they are human.'" In the words of Cranston, human rights are forms of moral rights and they differ from other rights in being the rights of all human beings at all times and in all situations. Susan Mouer Okin defined human rights as a claim to something of crucial importance for human life. In the context of the present study, human rights can be defined as those rights without which human beings cannot live with dignity, freedom (political, economic, social and cultural) and justice in any nation or state regardless of color, place of birth, ethnicity, race, religion or sex or any other such considerations. These rights are inherent in human nature and therefore guaranteed and protected by the state without distinction of any sort. When such rights are denied to an individual, whether by the state or non-state actors, it constitutes human rights violations. When large scale violations of such rights occur, it constitutes human rights abuses. Human rights abuses in this context could refer to large- scale violations committed repeatedly by state or non-state actors to any community or group of people in their everyday lives. Further, human rights abuses occur when arbitrary arrests, killings, torture, rape, repressive legislations, discrimination, etc., are carried out systematically against any community or sections of society by the state or non-state actors with the objective of suppressing a particular group's aspiration or demand for equal standard of living vis-a-vis other groups in that country. It is in this context that the concept of human rights and its abuses have been examined with particular reference to the Sri Lankan situation mainly to understand whether these rights as mentioned above are guaranteed for the common citizens particularly in the Tamil areas of Sri Lanka. •    Self-Check Exercise-1 17 Q.1 Write a short note on Human Rights Commission. Q.2 What do you understand by the Human Rights Concepts and Significance? 14.4    Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, it was accepted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 during its third session on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the 58 members of the United Nations at the time, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote. A foundational text in the history of human and civil rights, the Declaration consists of 30 articles detailing an individual's "basic rights and fundamental freedoms" and affirming their universal character as inherent, inalienable, and applicable to all human beings. Adopted as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations", the UDHR commits nations to recognize all humans as being "born free and equal in dignity and rights" regardless of "nationality, place of residence, gender, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status". The Declaration is considered a "milestone document" for its "universalist language", which makes no reference to a particular culture, political system, or religion. It directly inspired the development of international human rights law, and was the first step in the formulation of the International Bill of Human Rights, which was completed in 1966 and came into force in 1976. All 193 member states of the United Nations have ratified at least one of the nine binding treaties influenced by the Declaration, with the vast majority ratifying four or more. While there is a wide consensus that the declaration itself is non-binding and not part of customary international law, there is also a consensus that many of its provisions are binding and have passed into customary international law, although courts in some nations have been more restrictive on its legal effect. Nevertheless, the UDHR has influenced legal, political, and social developments on both the global and national levels, with its significance partly evidenced by its 530 translations, the most of any document in history. •    Structure and Content The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was influenced by the Code Napoleon, including a preamble and introductor1y8 general principles. Its final structure took form in the second draft prepared by French jurist René Cassin, who worked on the initial draft prepared by Canadian legal scholar John Peters Humphrey. •    The Declaration consists of the following: •    The preamble sets out the historical and social causes that led to the necessity of drafting the Declaration. •    Articles 1–2 establish the basic concepts of dignity, liberty, and equality. •    Articles 3–5 establish other individual rights, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery and torture. •    Articles 6–11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defense when violated. •    Articles 12–17 set forth the rights of the individual towards the community, including freedom of movement and residence within each state, the right of property and the right to a nationality •    Articles 18–21 sanction the so-called "constitutional liberties" and spiritual, public, and political freedoms, such as freedom of thought, opinion,expression, religion and conscience, word, peaceful association of the individual, and receiving and imparting information and ideas through any media. •    Articles 22–27 sanction an individual's economic, social and cultural rights, including healthcare. It upholds an expansive right to an adequate standard of living, and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or childhood. •    Articles 28–30 establish the general means of exercising these rights, the areas in which the rights of the individual cannot be applied, the duty of the individual to society, and the prohibition of the use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organization •    Adoption The Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly as UN Resolution A/RES/217(III) [A] on 10 December 1948 in Palais de Chaillot, Paris. Of the 58 United Nations members at the time, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and Honduras and Yemen failed19to vote or abstain. Eleanor Roosevelt is credited with having been instrumental in mustering support for the Declaration's adoption, both in her native U.S. and across the world, owing to her ability to appeal to different and often opposing political blocs. The meeting record provides firsthand insight into the debate on the Declaration's adoption South Africa's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid, which clearly violated several articles in the Declaration. Saudi Arabia's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration's articles: Article 18, which states that everyone has the right "to change his religion or belief", and Article 16, on equal marriage rights. The abstentions by the six communist nations centered on the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism; Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the actual point of contention as being Article 13, which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries. Other observers point to the Soviet bloc's opposition to the Declaration's "negative rights", such as provisions calling on governments not to violate certain civil and political rights •    Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 Discuss about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948. Q.2 Elaborate about the structure and content of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 14.5 National and State Human Rights Commission The National Human Rights Commission of India (abbreviated as NHRC) is a statutory public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993. It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (PHRA). The NHRC is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the act as "Rights Relating To Life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the international covenants and enforceable by courts in India • Functions of NHRC The Protection of Human Rights Act mandates the NHRC to perform the following: •    Proactively or reactively inquire into violations of human rights by government of India or negligence of such violation by a public servant •    The protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation •    Review the factors, including acts of terroris2m0 that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures •    To study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation •    Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights •    To visit jails and study the condition of inmates •    Engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means •    Encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions that works in the field of human rights voluntarily. •    Considering the necessity for the protection of human rights. •    Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office. Composition: The NHRC consists of: The chairperson and five members (excluding the ex-officio members) •    A Chairperson, who has been a Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court. •    One member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India and one member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court. •    Three Members, out of which at least one shall be a woman to be appointed from amongst persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human rights. •    In addition, the Chairpersons of National Commissions viz., National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women , National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Backward Classes, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights; and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities serve as ex officio members. The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of India. •    State Human Rights Commission A state government may constitute a body known as the Human Rights Commission of that State to exercise the powers conferred u2p1 on, and to perform the functions assigned to, a State Commission. In accordance with the amendment brought in TPHRA,1993 point No.10 below is the list of State Human Rights Commissions formed to perform the functions of the commission as stated under UNIT V of TPHRA,1993 (with amendment act 2006). At present, 25 states have constituted SHRC •    Himachal Pradesh State Human Rights Commission Himachal Pradesh State Human Rights Commission is a statutory organization created as per "The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 for India" for the state of Himachal Pradesh to inquire into human rights violations for subjects referred in the state list and concurrent list mentioned in the seventh schedule of the constitution of India. The Chairman and other members of the Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. In the states having legislative council, the chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee. •    History and Objective Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission was created as per the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 with provisions to inquire into violation of human rights related to concurrent list in the seventh schedule of the Indian constitution and subjects covered under Himachal state list. Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission office is situated in PINES GROVE BUILDING, SHIMLA-171002. •    Composition Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission as per Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006 should consist of at least three members including a chairperson, who should be a retired Chief Justice of any Indian High Court. The other members should be: (i)    A serving or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a minimum of seven years experience as District judge. (ii)    A person having practical experience or knowledge related to human rights. Himachal Pradesh State Human Rights Commission chairperson and other members are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee. The term of the chairperson and members of the commission is fixed for five years or until attainment of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. The members including chairman will not be eligible to take up any employment under the state government or the central government after the completion of their term in the commission, excluding the eligibility for another term in the commission subject to the attainment of the prescribed age limit. Justice Shri Justice P. S. Rana Jain is the current Chairman of Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission. • Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Write a short note on National and State Human Rights Commission. Q.2 Elaborate about the Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission. 14.6    Human Rights Commissions Functions and role Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission is created with below functions, according to the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. •    Inquire either on a petition presented to it, by a victim, or Suo motu or by any person or on his behalf into complaints of human rights violation or violation by a public servant due to negligence in the prevention of such offences. •    Make visits to any jail or other places of detention of people, which is under the control of the State Government and observe the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations for improvement, if any. •    Recommend appropriate remedial measures after reviewing the factors, which prevents the enjoyment of human rights through any actions including acts of terrorism. • The commission should encourage the efforts of Non-Governmental organizations or any other institutions working in the field of human rights development. •    In case of allegations of violation of human rights before a Court, the commission should intervene in the proceedings involved with the approval from Court. •    Commission should Undertake and promote research in the area of human rights. •    Commission should make efforts to promote awareness of the various safeguards available for the protection of human rights and spread human rights literacy among general public. •    Commission should also review the provision of safeguards relating to protection of human rights under the constitution of any law which is in force for time being and recommend measures for their effective implementation. •    For the promotion of human rights, commission may undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary. •    Self-Check Exercise-4 Q.1 What is the functions and role Human Rights Commissions? 14.7    Summary Human rights in India are fundamental to ensuring dignity, equality, and justice for all individuals, enshrined in the Constitution and international conventions. They play a crucial role in safeguarding civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. Significant human rights issues in India include gender equality, protection against discrimination, right to education, healthcare, and freedom of expression. Legal frameworks and institutions, such as the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), work to protect and promote these rights, addressing violations through investigations and advocacy. Despite challenges, efforts continue to strengthen human rights awareness, access to justice, and accountability mechanisms. Ultimately, upholding human rights is essential for fostering a just and inclusive society, ensuring every individual can live with dignity and equality. 14.8    Glossary Human Rights: Human rights are moral principles or norms for certain standard of human behaviour and are regularly protected in municipal and international law                  . UDHR (Universal Declaration of Huma 24Rights): The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. 14.9    Answer to Self-Check ExercisesSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 14.3 Ans 2. Refer to section 14.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 14.4 Ans 2. Refer to section 14.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 14.5 Ans 2. Refer to section 14.5 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 14.6 14.10    References/Suggested Readings 1.    M.R.Ansari: Protecting Human rights, Maxford Books, New Delhi, 2006. 2.    Noor Jahan Bava (ed.): Non Governmental organizations in Development: Theory and Practice. Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi, 1997 3.    R. K. Sapru: Develolpment Administration. Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002 4.    S.K. Sharma & S.P. Verma: Development Administration, IIPS New Delhi, 1984. 5.    S.L. Goyal: QuaqrterlyJounal of India Institute of public (ed) Administration, Special issue on Right to Information july-september, 2009 . 6.    United Nations: Administration of Development Programms and Projects: Some major Issues, New York, 1971. 7.    https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights 8.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights 9.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_State_Human_Rights_Commissi on 10.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India 14.11    Terminal Questions Q.1 Discuss the concepts and role of Human Rights Commission? Q.2 Explain UDHR and its significance? 25 UNIT-15 Environmental Administration: Concept and Significance. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Central Pollution Control Board: Organization, Functions and Role, Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board: Organization, Functions and Role Structure 15.1    Introduction 15.2    Learning Objective 15.3    Environmental Issues Self-Check Exercise-1 15.4    Classification of Pollutants Self-Check Exercise-2 15.5    Bioaccumulation and Biomagnifications Self-Check Exercise-3 15.6    Causes of Pollution Self-Check Exercise-4 15.7    Concept and Significance of Environmental Administration Self-Check Exercise-5 15.8    Environmental Policy: Legal and Constitutional Framework in India Self-Check Exercise-6 15.9    Summary 15.10    Glossary 15.11    Answer to the Self - Check Exercise 15.12    References/Suggested Readings 15.13    Terminal Questions 15.1    Introduction Every action or inaction of human being is either save or kill the environment so we should move forward with the motto of ‘prevent and protect is better than repent and repair’. All living beings are surrounded by the environme2n6t and continuously interact very closely with it. There are highly complex relationship and interaction between organism and environment. Harmony between man and his environment is undoubtedly recognized. All types of organism from virus to man are obligatorily depends on the environment either for energy, water, oxygen, shelter or for any other needs. However, only human beings do have the capacity to change it, often with deleterious effects to themselves as well as other living beings. Any short of ecological imbalances do have the capacity to waived-out the existence of humanity from the planet. Thus there is highly need for environment awareness and a concern to protect it. The path of development followed by a majority of countries in the present world has been lading a host of problems ranging from destruction of flora and fauna to pollution of Air, Water and Soil. It is trans-global phenomena and matter of concerned is that India is not lacking behind in this pathway of development. Now, sustainable model of development is only panacea in the hand of policy makers that refers to a kind of developmental policies which could ensure the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Administrative system of any country could be appreciable only when sustainable development could be ensured and electronic and plastic waste management preface through extended producer responsibility norms in the country. 15.2    Learning Objective: After studying this lesson the students will be able to know about: •    The Environmental Administration •    The Environmental Cocepts and SIgnificance 15.3    Environmental Issues The word ‘Environment’ is derived from ‘environer’ which is a French word refers to ‘surround, enclose or encircle’. All organism flourish in a specific medium or surroundings where they interact continuously with abiotic and biotic components. Thus, environment is defined as the sum total of living and non-living components, influences and events surrounding an organism. In other word, ‘environment’ is a broad terms which includes everything external to an organism that affect it, including physical as well as living factors. Further, it implies on internal characteristics of an organism as well. Their action and interaction make a system of relationship which called ‘ecosystem’ the word coined by Prof. Arthur Tansley in 1935, herewith, the prefix ‘eco’ denotes the meaning of environment. Environment is not a static phenomenon; the biotic and abiotic factors are in a flux and keep changing continuously. Every organization does have capability of tolerance within a certain range which is called ‘range of tolerance’. Exceeding this on living organism drastically affected on their internal as well as external characteristics’. Though, internal environment, enclosed by outer body surface, is relatively stable as compared to the external environment. However, it is not absolutely constant. Injury, illness or excessive stress upset the internal environment. For example- if a marine fish is transferred to a fresh water environment, it will of cause not be able to survive. Abiotic components are the inorganic and non-living parts of the world such as soil, water, air, light, precipitation, temperature, substrate, atmospheric gases, altitude, latitude, topography, weather, climate, seasonal change and so on which impacted as an external factor and shape the living organism. It made a platform on which biotic organisms i.e. plants, animals and microbes interact. Biotic components are the organic and living parts of the world playing important role in the ecosystem. Organism, basically green plants, certain bacteria (Ex- purple bacteria) and algae (Exblue green algae) in the presence of sunlight can synthesis their own food from simple in organic substances. Organism that can prepare their own food are known by autotrophs or primary producers. All others organisms that are unable to prepare their own food to meet their energy needs for survival are known by heterotrophy or consumers. Further complexity use to be increases in an ecosystem at each trophic level, formed a food chain and food web. Food chain is a sequence of organisms that feed on one another. For example ‘Grazing Food Chain’- “Grass – Grasshopper – Birds – Hawks or Falcon” whereas Food Web refers to the all possible transfers of energy and nutrients which formed as interconnected networks of feeding relationship in an ecosystem. When above mentioned physical, biological and chemical projections of different components of environment such as air, water, soil, noise and so on get change through which living organisms are being affected from, pointed out that environment has been polluted. In other words, pollution is defined as an addition or excessive addition of certain materials to the physical environment (water, air and lands), making it less fit or unfit for survival of not only life but of entire organisms. Pollutants are these material which causes adverse effect on the natural quality of any components of the environment. The solid particulate pollutants include aerosols, industrial waste such as lead, mercury, asbestos etc. The liquid pollutants are dissolved solids, ammonia, urea, nitrate, chlorides, fluorides, carbonates, insecticides and pesticides – all in dissolved form, oil and greases etc. The major gaseous pollutants are carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide etc. Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 Discuss about the environmental issues. 15.4    Classification of Pollutants > According to the form in which they persist after release into the environment •    Primary Pollutants: these persist in the form in which they are added to the environment. For Ex – DDT, Electronic and Plastic waste etc. •    Secondary Pollutants: these are formed by interaction among the primary pollutants. For Ex – Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN) is formed by the interaction of nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons. > According to their existence in nature •    Quantitative Pollutants: those occur in nature and become pollutant when their concentration reaches beyond a threshold level. Ex- Co2, No2 etc. •    Qualitative Pollutants: these do not occur in nature and are manmade. For Ex – Fungicides, Herbicides, DDT etc. > According to their nature of disposal •    Bio-degradable Pollutants: waste products, which are degraded by microbial action. For Ex – Sewage •    Non-Biodegradable Pollutants: Pollutants which are not decomposed by microbial action for long period and badly impacted on human life and environment. For Ex – Plastic, Glass, DDT, Salts of heavy metals, Radioactive substances etc. > According to their origin •    Natural and •    Anthropogenic •    Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 Classify the various types of pollutatants. 15.5    Bioaccumulation and Biomagnifications Pollutants, especially non degradable substances use to move through the various trophic levels in an ecosystem. Bio-accumulation refers to how pollutants enter into the food chain. There is an increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain. Bio-magnification refers to the tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next. Here is an increase in concentration of pollutants from one link in a food chain to another. We are concerned about the phenomenal changes of bioaccumulation and biomagnifications because together they enable even small concentrations of chemicals in the environment to find their way into organism in high enough dosages to cause problems. Biomagnifications are comprehended more when pollutants are long lived, mobile, soluble in fats, biologically active etc. If pollutants are short-lived, it will be broken down before it can became dangerous; if it is not mobile, it will stay in one place and is unlikely to be taken up by organism; if pollutant is soluble in water, it will be excreted by the organism. Pollutants that dissolve in fats, however, may be retained for a long time. • Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 What do you understand by Bioaccumulation and Biomagnifications. 15.6    Causes of Pollution Anthropogenic factors are to be considered as primary causes of environmental pollution. Some of these causes enlisted as below – >    Uncontrolled growth in human population >    Rapid Industrialization > Urbanization >    Uncontrolled exploitation of nature >    Forest fire, radioactivity, volcanic eruptions, strong winds etc. Pollution that occurs when environmental changes creates or are likely to create danger to public health and safety or when they are harmful to domestic, industrial, recreational or other legitimate use of environmental components. The effects o3f0environmental pollutions are harmful especially with their huge impact on survival and quality of human life. The major types of pollution can be elaborated as under the following headings. • Self Check Question-4 Q.1 What are the Causes of Pollution? 15.7    Concept and Significance of Environmental Administration Today, it is comprehended that both the developed and developing countries are bearing brunt of the abuse of environment and the indiscriminate use of resources in many different ways. Recent scientific and technological development, unplanned industrialization, rapid urbanization, increasing population aroused global consciousness for the environment protection. In the modern age of Information Communication Technology (ICT), a person’s could hardly be surviving without using electronic instruments. In the same way, present lives have been dependent on the instruments made by plastic. Peoples have been habituated to used plastic instruments not only in the forms of packaging and carry bags but all developmental activities also depend on it. The area of concern is that an addition or excessive addition of certain materials in the physical environment (water, air and land) making it less fit or unfit for life. Pollutants are the materials or factors which cause adverse effect on the natural quality of any component of environment. Smoke from industries & automobiles, chemicals from factories, radioactive substances from nuclear plants, sewage of houses and discarded household articles are the common pollutants. The discarded and end of life electronic products ranging from computers, equipments used in Information Communication Technology, home appliances, audio and video products and all of their peripherals are commonly known as electronic waste, whereas, households, health and medicine, hotel and catering, transportation etc. are the sources of generation of waste plastic. “Throw away culture” of the person is one of the important reasons behind generating tremendous pollutants. The vast amounts of e-waste have increased in recent years. The consumer boom in the last few decades has led to the production of more and more products with less and less durability. As the consumption increases so does the volume of waste and a strong impression builds up that we live in a society with threw away mentality. However, the culprits are not just the end users of the products but also the producers and designers are equally culpable. These materials is not directly hazardous to the environment if it is stocked in safe storage or recycled by scientific methods or transported from one place to the other in parts or in totality in the formal sector. Administrative systems of 3t1he day have been remaining busy in terms of countering the environmental upheavals. All existing tier of the governing system i.e. National Government, State Government and Local Government have been influenced with the proper disposing e-waste and plastic pollutants. Government of the day have been committed towards protection and improvement of the environment and ensured to their citizens for environmental protection and public safety. Government of the day would only be appreciable when they specify citizen centric administration and it could not be possible to neglect such a contiguous issues of environmental concerns i.e. electronic and plastic waste management. Habituated use of electronic and plastic product by citizens at large further imposed heavy burden on environment. Constructive use of these products enhanced the growth & development but at the same time discarded material reflect a grave matter of concern for administrative system of the day. Administration of the day would be recognised as citizen’s centric only if management of electronic and plastic waste taken into consideration properly with a sound environmental policy followed by government. • Self-Check Exercise-5 Q.1 Describe the concept and significance of environmental administration. 15.8    Environmental Policy: Legal and Constitutional Framework in India India is one among the unique country wherever protection and improvement of the environment is a constitutional mandate. Governments of the day have been responsible for ensuring pollution free environment and adequate health safety mechanism of their citizens. It is a commitment for a country wedded to the ideas of a welfare state. It has been widely recognized that the ‘right of life’ in accordance with Art-21 also encompass right to live with human dignity, right to decent environment including pollution free water and air and protection against hazardous substances, right to health etc. Therefore, ensuring pollution free environment to the citizens is the state’s responsibility. Though, protection of environment is not directly enforceable in Fundamental Rights of Indian constitution, judicial system of the country clarified that Art-21 provides that ‘no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law’. It also states that slow poisoning by the polluted atmosphere caused by environmental pollution amounts to violation of Art-21. In fact, Art-21, embraces the protection and preservation of nature’s gift without which life cannot be enjoyed. Moreover, environmental degradation has disastrous impact 32 on the right of livelihood which is a part of the ‘right to life’. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, added two fold provisions i.e. it direct the states for protection of environment and also cast a duty on every citizens to help in the preservation of natural environment. Further, Art-47, clearly underline the environmental duty of the state to improve public health. Art-48 A, of the Indian Constitution under the Directive Principle of State Policy, direct the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forest and wild-life. As per the provision of Fundamental Duties {Art-51 A (g)}, it shall be the duty of every citizens of India to protect and improve the natural environment including Forest, Lakes, Rivers and Wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. Thus, it makes the state as well as the citizens responsible for the preservation of natural environment. •    Environmental Administration in India During 1970s, several environmental activist, non-governmental agencies and environmental scientist intended the government to act and make a suitable policy to protect and preserve environment in a meaningful way to ensure environmental protection & public safety of the citizens at large. The visible influence of United Nations Conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm (1972) could be traced in terms of 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 through which government took the responsibility for protection and conservation of environment. A National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination was set up, consisting of 14 members from different fields of environment management to advice and recommend their aspect for improvement of environment. It was entrusted with the task of planning and coordinating national environmental policies. Department of Environment came into being on 1st Nov. 1980 by the recommendation of Tiwari Committee to act as coordinating and administrative body. It was not only had to coordinate national policies for environmental protection and management but also had to shoulder administrative responsibilities for regulating and monitoring environmental pollution. Finally, in 1985, Ministry of Environment and Forest was created, subsuming the Department of Environment and made it apex body of the central government which is responsible for the planning, promotion and coordination of environmental as well as forestry program. At state level, environmental board was set up which was later converted into environmental departments in every state. Central and State Pollution Control Board was constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, to implement the provisions of the water act with the enactment of the Air Act, 1981, these boards had also to monitor Air Pollution along with Water Pollution. They were, therefore, re-named as central/state pollution control boards. The state boards implement and enforce the pollution control laws. They lay down standards of pollution as well as make consent orders for discharging sewage or trade effluent into water and air. Now, Plastic Waste (Management) Rule, 2016, and Electronic Waste (Management) Rule, 2016; amended in 2018, these boards provided by adequate authority to implement the norms of Extended Producer Responsibility at the state level to curb the malice of electronic and plastic waste. •    Environmental Impact Assessment Environment Impact Assessment refers to the legal safeguard and assessment measure to protect the environment. It describes about the various process and technique through which information about the environment impacts of a project has been collected and taken into account by the policy makers or authorities for making judgment on approval of project. United Nations Economic Commission presented a well famous definition for Europe through which it has been inferred that EIA is an assessment of the impact of a planned activity on the environment. Later on, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, clarified that EIA is a process of predicting, evaluating, identifying and mitigating the physical, social and other effects of development projects before taking decisions and making commitments. It was first started in 1997-98 for evaluation of river valley projects and was later extended to industries, mining, atomic powers, highways etc. and the matter of environmental degradation have been taken into consideration. Further, with regards to environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, under the aegis of Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2008, CPCB notified protocol for performance evaluation and monitoring system for the common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facilities including common Hazardous Waste incinerators in 2010. However, there are no guidelines for conducting EIA for electronic and plastic waste recycling and dismantling facilities. Although, the pre-requisites and essential conditions for such facilities are provided in E-waste (Management) Rule, 2016 and Plastic Waste (Management) Rule, 2016. •    Self Check Exercise-6 Q.1 What do you understand by Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? Q.2 Discuss about the environmental policy, legal and constitutional framework in India. 15.9    Summary Environmental administration encompasses t3h4e management and regulation of natural resources and ecosystems to ensure sustainability and mitigate environmental degradation. It involves policies, laws, and practices aimed at conserving biodiversity, reducing pollution, and promoting sustainable development. The significance of environmental administration lies in its role in safeguarding ecological balance, protecting public health, and supporting long-term economic growth. By enforcing environmental standards, monitoring compliance, and promoting green technologies, it aims to mitigate climate change impacts and preserve natural resources for future generations. Effective environmental administration is crucial for achieving global environmental goals, promoting resilience against environmental risks, and ensuring a healthy and sustainable environment for all. 15.10    Glossary •    Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash or created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. •    Environmental Administration: is the process of directing and managing public policies and activities in the area of environmental affairs. •    Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): is the assessment of the environmental consequences ofa plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. 15.11    Answer to the Self - Check ExercisesSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 15.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 15.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 15.5 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 15.6 Self-check Exercise-5 Ans 1. Refer to section 15.7 Self-check Exercise-6 Ans 1. Refer to section 15.8 Ans2. Refer to section 15.8 15.12    References/Suggested Readings: 1.    Chakrabarty, B. & Chand, P. Public Policy: Concept, Theory and Practice, SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2016. 2.    Pal, B. P. “Indian National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009. 3.    Laxmikant, M. Indian Polity for Civil Services Examination, 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi, 2019. 4.    IGNOU, NEV-001, An Introduction to the Environment, Environmental Concerns-1, New Delhi, June 2006. 5.    Diwan, Paras.; & Diwan, Peeyush. Environment Administration, Law& Judicial Attitude, Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1992. 6.    https://cpcb.nic.in/functions/ 7.    http://hppcb.nic.in/Organization.html 8.    https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/six-reasons-why-healthy-environment-should-be-human-right 9.    https://human-rights-channel.coe.int/protect-planet-en.html 10.    https://indiankanoon.org/doc/182701402/#:~:text=(1)%20Subject%20to%20the%20provisi ons,controlling%20and%20abating%20environmental%20pollution. 11.    https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/unep-united-nations-environment-programme/ 12.    https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment 15.13    Terminal Questions Q.1 Discuss about functions and role of Central Pollution Control Board. Q.2 What do you mean by Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)? Q.3 Write a short note on the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. UNIT-16 Environmental Administration: Concept and Significance. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Central Pollution Control Board: Organization, Functions and Role, Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board: Organization, Functions and Role Part-1 Structure 16.1    Introduction 16.2    Learning Objective 16.3    The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Self-Check Exercise-1 16.4    Historical Context and Rationale Self-Check Exercise-2 16.5    Key Provisions Self-Check Exercise-3 16.6    Implementation Mechanisms Self-Check Exercise-4 16.7    Summary 16.8    Glossary 16.9    Answer to Self-Check Questions 16.10    References/Suggested Readings 16.11    Terminal Questions 16.1    Introduction The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA) stands as one of India's most comprehensive legislations aimed at safeguarding and improving the environmental quality in the country. Enacted in response to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984, the EPA serves as an overarching framework for environmental regulation in India, empowering the central government to take all necessary measures to protect and improve the environment. This UNIT delves into the intricacies of the EPA, examining its objectives, scope, key provisions, implementation 37 mechanisms, challenges, and its impact on India's environmental governance. 16.2    Learning Objective: After studying this lesson the students will be able to know about: •    The Environmental Administration. •    The Central Pollution Control Board. 16.3    The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the central government to take all appropriate measures to prevent and control pollution and to establish effective machinery for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and protecting, controlling and abating environmental pollution. It has 26 sections, divided into four UNITs relating to preliminary, general power of central government; prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution; and miscellaneous. The act also deals with coercive and stringent penal provisions. The minimum penalty for contravention or violation of any provision of the present law is an imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years or fine up to one lakh rupees or both. The act prescribes a special procedure for handling hazardous substances and the concerned person has to handle the hazardous substances according to the procedure of the act. It empowers and authorizes the central government to issue directions for the operation or process, prohibition, closure or regulation of any industry, their operations in different areas and requisite procedures and safeguards for prevention of accidents along with the remedial measures to deal with such accidents. • Self-Check Question-1 Q.1 Write a short note on the Environment Protection Act, 1986. 16.4    Historical Context and Rationale The catastrophic Bhopal Gas Tragedy, which resulted in thousands of deaths and lasting health impacts, highlighted the urgent need for robust environmental regulation in India. This disaster underscored the deficiencies in existing laws and prompted a reassessment of the country's approach to environmental protection. The EPA was thus enacted in 1986 under Article 253 of the Indian Constitution, which allows the parliament to make laws for implementing international agreements, decisions, or conventions. The Act aimed to fill the legislative gaps by providing a comprehensive framework for environmental protection and addressing issues related to pollution, ecosystem preservation, and sustainable development. •    Objectives and Scope The primary objectives of the Environment (Protection) 3A8 ct, 1986, include: Protection and Improvement of the Environment: To provide for the protection and improvement of the environment. Prevention and Control of Pollution: To prevent, control, and abate environmental pollution. Sustainable Development: To promote sustainable development through the integration of environmental considerations into developmental processes. The scope of the EPA is extensive, encompassing air, water, and land. It addresses various forms of pollution, including industrial, vehicular, and noise pollution, and provides a legal framework for the regulation of hazardous substances and activities that pose environmental risks. •    Self-Check Question-2 Q.1 Discuss the historical context and rationale. Q.2 What is the objectives and Scope in environmental protctection administration. 16.5    Key Provisions Central Government’s Powers: The Act grants the central government wide-ranging powers to: Coordinate actions by state governments and other authorities under the Act. Plan and execute nationwide environmental programs. Lay down standards for the quality of the environment and emissions or discharges of pollutants. Restrict areas in which any industries, operations, or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards. Regulation of Hazardous Substances: It empowers the central government to regulate the handling of hazardous substances to prevent accidents and environmental contamination. Environmental Standards and Guidelines: The EPA authorizes the central government to establish and enforce standards for environmental quality, including emissions and effluents. Compliance and Penalties: The Act stipulates penalties for non-compliance with its provisions, including fines and imprisonment. It also provides for the closure, prohibition, or regulation of any industry, operation, or process that violates environmental standards. Public Participation and Access to Information: The EPA encourages public participation in environmental decision-making and ensures public access to information regarding environmental issues. • Self-Check Questions-3 Q.1 Discuss key provisions under Environment Protection Act, 1986. 16.6    Implementation Mechanisms Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): The CPCB, constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, is the central body responsibl3e9 for implementing the EPA. It formulates national environmental policies and standards and oversees their enforcement. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): SPCBs operate at the state level, implementing the EPA's provisions within their jurisdictions. They monitor pollution levels, enforce environmental standards, and grant environmental clearances to industries. National Environmental Appellate Authority: This body adjudicates disputes related to environmental clearances, ensuring that the principles of natural justice are upheld. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): The EIA process, mandated under the EPA, requires that any proposed industrial project undergo a rigorous assessment of its potential environmental impacts before being granted clearance. •    Challenges and Criticisms Despite its comprehensive framework, the EPA faces several challenges: Implementation and Enforcement: The effectiveness of the EPA is often hampered by inadequate enforcement due to limited resources, lack of technical expertise, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Coordination Among Agencies: Effective implementation requires coordination among various governmental agencies, which is often lacking, leading to fragmented and inconsistent enforcement. Public Awareness and Participation: While the Act provides for public participation, there is still a significant gap in awareness and engagement among the general populace. Industrial Compliance: Ensuring compliance from industries, especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs), remains a challenge due to cost implications and lack of stringent monitoring. •    Impact and Way Forward The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, has had a profound impact on India’s environmental governance. It has led to the establishment of a structured framework for environmental regulation and has driven significant policy initiatives aimed at pollution control and sustainable development. Notable achievements include the reduction of air and water pollution levels in several regions, the creation of protected areas, and the implementation of various conservation programs. Looking forward, there is a need to strengthen the implementation mechanisms, enhance inter-agency coordination, and foster greater public involvement in environmental governance. Additionally, leveraging technology for better monitoring and enforcement, coupled with stringent penalties for non-compliance, can further enhance the effectiveness of the EPA. •    Self-Check Questions-4 Q.1What is the implementation mechanisms in Central Pollution Control Board. Q.2 Discuss challenges and criticism in environment protection administration. 16.7    Summary The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is a crucial legislation40in India aimed at protecting and improving the quality of the environment. It empowers the central government to take measures to protect and conserve the environment and prevent hazards to human beings, plants, and animals. The Act provides for the regulation of industrial processes and operations that may cause pollution, and it sets standards for emissions and effluents. It establishes authorities to oversee environmental issues and enforce compliance with environmental regulations. The Act also enables the government to declare areas as ecologically sensitive and restrict activities that may harm the environment in these regions. Overall, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 serves as a comprehensive framework for environmental management and conservation in India, emphasizing sustainable development and the protection of natural resources. 16.8    Glossary •    The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: It represents a landmark in India’s environmental legislative history. While challenges persist, the Act provides a robust framework for addressing the complex environmental issues facing the country. •    Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): The EIA process, mandated under the EPA, requires that any proposed industrial project undergo a rigorous assessment of its potential environmental impacts before being granted clearance 16.9    Answer to Self-Check Questions Self-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 16.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 16.4 Ans 2. Refer to section 16.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 16.5 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 16.6 Ans 2. Refer to section 16.6 16.10    References/Suggested Readings 1.    R.K. Sapru,“Development Administration”, Sterling publishers New Delhi, New Delhi, 2002. 2.    Mohit Bhattacharya, “DevelopmentAdministration” Jawahar publishers, New Delhi 2001. R.D. Sharma, “DevelopmentAdministration in India”, Mittal Publication 2003 3.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/ 4.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-feature41 of-sustainable-development/ 5.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development- goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_Eng lish&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9qdBh AOEiwAvxIok-OJyP- K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-poverty 6.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ 7.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles-And-Values.html 8.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable-development-2627798 9.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable- developmentreport- 2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20and% 20120%20in%202021. 10.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs 11.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf 12.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration 16.11    Terminal Questions Q.1 Elaborate the main provisions of The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986` Q.2 Discuss the environmental administration, its scope and significance. UNIT-17 Environmental Administration: Concept and Significance. TheEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986, Central Pollution ControlBoard: Organization, Functions and Role, Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board: Organization, Functions and Role Part-II Structure 17.1    Introduction 17.2    learning Objective 17.3    Central Pollution Control Board Self-Check Exercise-1 17.4    Functions and Role of CPCB Self-Check Exercise-2 17.5    Organizational Structure of CPCB Self-Check Exercise-3 17.6    Key Divisions and Their Functions Self-Check Exercise-4 17.7    Challenges and Future Directions Self-Check Exercise-5 17.8    Summary 17.9 Glossary 17.10    Answers to Self-Check Questions 17.11    References/Suggested Readings 17.12    Terminal Questions 17.1    Introduction The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is a key statutory organization in India responsible for ensuring environmental protection and promoting sustainable development. Established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and later entrusted with additional responsibilities under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the CPCB operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). This UNIT delves in4t3o the organization, functions, and role of the CPCB in India's environmental governance framework. 17.2    Learning Objective: After studying this lesson the students will be able to know about: •    The concept of Environmental Administration •    Functions performed by Cental Pollution Control Board. 17.3    Central Pollution Control Board It is a statutory organization, established in 1974, work under the supervision of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It was constituted under the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and also entrusted with the power and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. It is an apex organization of India in the field ofpollution control, playing a crucial role of technical wing in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change with regards to the provisions of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. It alsobeen entrusted with the coordinating activities of State Pollution Control Board through technicalassistance, guidance and resolving disputes among them. (a) Organizational Structure of CPCB It is responsible for abatement and control of pollution in the country by providing requisite data, scientific information, technical inputs for preparing national policies and programs, training and development of manpower as well as organizing various activities in terms of up scaling awareness at different levels of the government and public. Table: 15.1 Organizational Structure of CPCB Sources: https://www.cpcb.nic.in/organizational-structure/?&page_id=organizational-structure Date: 08-06-2021, Time: 15.36 IST. •    Chairman, CPCB: The Central Pollution Control Board is under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, headed by the Chairman who in turn assisted by the Board of Member Secretary. He is playing a catalytic role in terms of coordination with State Pollution Control Board and prime advisor to the minister holding the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change on any matter concerning prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution. •    Member Secretary, CPCB: A Member Secretary is the executive head of the Central Pollution Control Board. Government appoints an internal state board for controlling and functioning of the central pollution control board. Member Secretary, CPCB is responsible for planning, organizing, coordinating and staffing of the each divisions of the Central Pollution Control Board. He is responsible for plan and cause, prepare manuals, codes and guidelines related to treatment and disposal of sewage and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and control. •    Regional Directorates: The Central Pollution Control Board has its head office in New Delhi, with seven zonal offices headed by Regional Directorates. They are prime advisor to the member secretary and the chairman of the central pollution control board with regards to policy matters of prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution at their zonal level. • Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 Write an short note on Central Pollution Control Board Q.2 Discus about the organizational structure of CPCB. 17.4 Functions and Role of CPCB Central Pollution Control Board has its head office in New Delhi, with 7 zonal offices located at Bangaluru, Kolkata, Shillong, Bhopal, Lucknow, Vadodara and Agra along with 5 laboratories. Central Pollution Control Board along with its counterparts, the State Pollution Control Boards, are responsible for implementation of various legislation formulated by centre and state with regards to prevention and control of environmental pollution and advices the respective government on industrial and other sources of air and water pollution. The CPCB perform its various functions under the following projects >    Pollution Assessment (Survey & Monitoring) >    R & D and laboratory Management >    Development of Standards and guidelines for industry specific emissions and effluents standards >    Training and Development >    Information database management and library >    Pollution control technology > Pollution control enforcement >    Mass awareness and publications >    Hazard waste management etc. • Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 What is the function and role of CPCB? 17.5 Organizational Structure of CPCB •    Hierarchical Framework The CPCB is structured to facilitate efficient management and execution of its environmental mandates. The organizational framework includes: •    Chairman: The highest authority, appointed by the government, responsible for overall policy direction and strategic decision-making. •    Member Secretary: The chie4f6 executive officer who oversees daily operations, implementation of programs, and coordination among various divisions. •    Board Members: Comprising representatives from various government departments, academic institutions, industries, and NGOs to ensure a multi-stakeholder approach. •    Regional Offices: Located in different parts of the country to monitor and control pollution at the regional level. Each office is headed by a regional director. •    Technical Divisions: Specialized divisions focusing on specific areas like air quality, water quality, waste management, and laboratory services. •    Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Briefly outline the organizational structure of CPCB? 17.6 Key Divisions and Their Functions •    Air Pollution Control Division: Monitors air quality, develops standards, and devises strategies to reduce air pollution. •    Water Pollution Control Division: Focuses on monitoring and controlling water pollution, setting standards, and conducting water quality assessments. •    Laboratory Services Division: Equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for analyzing environmental samples and supporting research. •    Waste Management Division: Deals with the management of solid, hazardous, and biomedical wastes, ensuring proper disposal and recycling practices. •    Legal Division: Handles legal matters, enforcement of pollution control laws, and compliance-related issues. •    Public Awareness and Training Division: Conducts programs to educate the public and train professionals on environmental protection measures. (b)    Functions of CPCB The CPCB performs a wide range of functions aimed at controlling pollution and safeguarding environmental quality in India. These functions include: •    Monitoring and Surveillance: Conducting regular monitoring of air and water quality across the country through a network of monitoring stations. •    Standard Setting: Developing and updating national standards for ambient air quality, industrial emissions, effluent discharge, and noise levels. •    Research and Development: Undertaking research projects to develop innovative pollution control technologies and assess environmental impacts. •    Policy Formulation: Assisting the government in f4o7rmulating environmental policies, rules, and regulations. •    Enforcement and Compliance: Ensuring adherence to pollution control laws and regulations through inspections, audits, and legal actions against violators. •    Public Participation: Engaging with communities, NGOs, and industries to promote environmental awareness and participatory governance. •    Capacity Building: Organizing training programs and workshops for state pollution control boards, industries, and other stakeholders. •    Advisory Role: Providing technical advice to central and state governments on environmental issues and strategies for pollution control. (c)    Role of CPCB in Environmental Protection The CPCB plays a pivotal role in shaping India's environmental protection landscape through its multifaceted activities. Key aspects of its role include: •    Regulatory Authority: Acting as the principal regulatory body for enforcing environmental laws, the CPCB ensures industries and municipalities comply with pollution control norms. •    Technical Advisor: Offering expert advice to government bodies on the implementation of pollution control measures and sustainable development practices. •    Coordinator and Facilitator: Coordinating with state pollution control boards (SPCBs) and pollution control committees (PCCs) to ensure uniform application of environmental policies across states and union territories. •    Research and Innovation Hub: Fostering research and development in pollution control technologies, which helps in addressing emerging environmental challenges. •    Environmental Monitoring Network: Establishing and maintaining a comprehensive network for monitoring environmental parameters, which provides critical data for policy-making and public information. •    Public Education and Outreach: Engaging in extensive public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to foster a culture of environmental responsibility among citizens. •    Crisis Management: Responding to environmental emergencies, such as industrial accidents and natural disasters, by providing technical support and remediation strategies. (d)    Case Studies and Achievements •    National Air Quality Index (AQI): The introduction of the AQI by CPCB has been instrumental in providing real-time air quality information to the public, thereby raising awareness and prompting action to reduce air pollution. •    Ganga Action Plan: CPCB's active involvement in the Ganga Action Plan has led to significant improvements in the water quality of the Ganges River through the implementation of various pollution abatement measures.                          48 •    Implementation of BS-VI Emission Norms: CPCB's role in enforcing Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission norms for vehicles has contributed to a substantial reduction in vehicular emissions, aligning India with global standards. •    Plastic Waste Management Rules: The CPCB has been pivotal in framing and enforcing the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, which aim to reduce plastic pollution through measures like extended producer responsibility (EPR). •    Self-Check Exercise-4 Q.1 What are the key divisions and Functions CPCB? Q.2 Discuss about the role of CPCB in Environmental Protection. 17.7    Challenges and Future Directions Despite its significant achievements, the CPCB faces several challenges, including: •    Resource Constraints: Limited financial and human resources hamper the CPCB's ability to effectively monitor and control pollution across the vast expanse of the country. •    Technological Gaps: The need for advanced pollution monitoring and control technologies requires continuous investment in research and development. •    Coordination Issues: Ensuring seamless coordination between central and state pollution control bodies can be challenging due to varying capacities and priorities. •    Public Participation: Encouraging active public participation in pollution control efforts remains a critical area for improvement. Looking ahead, the CPCB aims to strengthen its capacities through: •    Digital Transformation: Leveraging digital technologies and data analytics for real-time monitoring, reporting, and enforcement. •    Capacity Building: Enhancing the skills and capabilities of its workforce and stakeholders through continuous training and development programs. •    International Collaboration: Engaging with international bodies and learning from global best practices to address complex environmental challenges. •    Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Aligning its initiatives with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals to promote holistic and sustainable environmental governance. •    Self-Check Questions-5 Q.1 What are the challenges and future directions of 4C9 PCB. 17.8    Summary : . The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is the apex regulatory body in India responsible for coordinating environmental protection and pollution control activities at the national level. Established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and later strengthened by the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the CPCB operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). The CPCB's primary role includes setting national standards for environmental quality, monitoring pollution levels across various parameters (air, water, and soil), conducting research and studies on environmental issues, and recommending policy measures for pollution control and environmental management. It also provides technical assistance to state pollution control boards (SPCBs) and coordinates with them to ensure uniform implementation of pollution control laws and standards nationwide.Significantly, the CPCB plays a crucial role in addressing major environmental challenges such as air and water pollution, industrial emissions, hazardous waste management, and climate change mitigation. It facilitates public participation in environmental decision-making processes and promotes awareness about environmental issues through campaigns and educational initiatives. Overall, the CPCB's efforts are instrumental in safeguarding India's environment, promoting sustainable development practices, and ensuring a healthy environment for present and future generations. 17.9    Glossary •    The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): It stands as a cornerstone of India's environmental regulatory framework, driving efforts to control pollution and protect the environment. Through its comprehensive organizational structure, multifaceted functions, and pivotal role in environmental governance, the CPCB continues to address the pressing environmental challenges of the nation. •    Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Aligning its initiatives with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals to promote holistic and sustainable environmental governance. 17.10    Answers to Self-Check Questions-1 Self-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 17.3 Ans 2 Refer to section 17.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 17.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 17.5 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 17.6 Ans 2. Refer to section 17.6 Self-check Exercise-5 Ans 1. Refer to section 17.7 17.11    References/Suggested Readings 1.    R.K. Sapru,“Development Administration”, Sterling publishers New Delhi, New Delhi, 2002. 2.    Mohit Bhattacharya, “DevelopmentAdministration” Jawahar publishers, New Delhi 2001. 3.    R.D. Sharma, “DevelopmentAdministration in India”, Mittal Publication 2003 4.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/ 5.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/ 6.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_ Eng lish&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9q dBhAOEiwAvxIok-OJyP- K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-poverty 7.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ 8.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles- And-Values.html 9.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable- development-2627798 10.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development-report- 2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20an d% 20120%20in%202021. 11.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs 12.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf 13.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registratio 17.12    Terminal Questions Q.1 Explain the role and functions of CPCP. Q.2 Discuss Organisational Structure of CPCP. UNIT-18 Environmental Administration: Concept and Significance. TheEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986, Central Pollution ControlBoard: Organization, Functions and Role, Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board: Organization, Functions and Role Part-III Structure 18.1    Introduction 18.2    Learning objective 18.3    Organizational Structure Self-Check Exercise-1 18.4    Functions of HPPCB Self-Check Exercise-2 18.5    Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board Self-Check Exercise-3 18.6    Summary 18.6    Glossary 18.7    Answers to Self-Check Question 18.8    References/Suggested Readings 18.9    Terminal Questions 18.1    Introduction Himachal Pradesh, a picturesque state in northern India, is known for its stunning landscapes, rich biodiversity, and vibrant culture. However, the rapid pace of industrialization and urbanization has brought environmental challenges to the fore. The Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board (HPPCB) plays a crucial role in safeguarding the state's environmental integrity. This UNIT delves into the organization, functions, and roles of the HPPCB, elucidating its significance in the environmental governance of the state. 18.2    Learning Objective: After studying this lesson the students will be able to know about: •    The concept of Environmental Administration 52 •    The Role and Function of Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board. 18.3    Organizational Structure The Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board (HPPCB) is an autonomous body constituted by the Government of Himachal Pradesh under the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. It operates under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environment, Science, and Technology, Himachal Pradesh. •    Board Composition: The HPPCB is headed by a Chairman appointed by the state government. The Board also includes a Member Secretary, who is the chief executive officer, and other members comprising government officials, representatives from local authorities, industries, and experts from various fields related to environmental science and pollution control. •    Administrative Setup: The administrative structure of HPPCB is designed to ensure effective management and implementation of environmental policies. It includes several regional offices across the state, each headed by a Regional Officer. The headquarters, located in Shimla, oversees the coordination and policy implementation across these regional offices. •    Technical Divisions: The Board consists of several technical divisions, each focusing on different aspects of pollution control. These include the Water Pollution Division, Air Pollution Division, Noise Pollution Division, and the Environmental Impact Assessment Division. Each division is staffed with experts who monitor and regulate specific environmental parameters. •    Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 Discuss about the organizational Structure of HPPCB. 18.4    Functions of HPPCB The HPPCB is entrusted with a wide range of functions aimed at controlling pollution and protecting the environment in Himachal Pradesh. These functions are categorized into regulatory, monitoring, and advisory roles. •    Regulatory Functions: Enforcement of Environmental Laws: The HPPCB enforces various environmental laws, including the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. It grants consents and authorizations to industries and other entities, ensuring compliance with prescribed standards. •    Issuance of Permits and Consents: The Board issues permits for the establishment and operation of industries and other units that have potential environmental impacts. This includes Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO). •    Compliance and Enforcement: Regular inspections and audits are conducted to ensure that industries and other entities comply with environmental standards. Non-compliance can result in penalties, closure orders, or other legal actions. •    Monitoring Functions: Environmental Quality Monitoring: HPPCB monitors the quality of air, water, and soil across the state through a network of monitoring stations. This includes real-time monitoring of critical parameters and periodic sampling and analysis. •    Pollution Inventory: The Board maintains an inventory of pollution sources, including industrial emissions, vehicular pollution, and waste disposal sites. This helps in identifying critical pollution hotspots and formulating targeted interventions. •    Data Collection and Reporting: HPPCB collects environmental data and publishes periodic reports on the state of the environment. These reports are essential for informing policy decisions and raising public awareness. •    Advisory Functions: Policy Formulation: The HPPCB provides expert advice to the state government on environmental policies and legislation. It also contributes to the development of state action plans for climate change mitigation and adaptation. •    Public Awareness and Education: The Board conducts awareness campaigns, workshops, and training programs to educate the public, industry stakeholders, and government officials about pollution control measures and sustainable practices. •    Research and Development: HPPCB promotes research and development activities related to pollution control technologies and environmental conservation. It collaborates with academic institutions, research organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to foster innovation in the field of environmental management. (a) Role of HPPCB in Environmental Management The HPPCB plays a pivotal role in the environmental management of Himachal Pradesh. Its efforts span across various sectors, addressing both preventive and corrective measures for pollution control. •    Industrial Pollution Control: •    Regulation of Industries: The HPPCB regulates the establishment and operation of industries to minimize their environmental impact. This includes ensuring the installation of pollution control devices, proper waste management practices, and adherence to emission standards. •    Promotion of Cleaner Technologies: The Board encourages industries to adopt cleaner production technologies and sustainable practices. It provides technical support and incentives for the implementation of eco-friendly processes. •    Urban Environmental Management: Solid Waste Management: HPPCB collaborates with urban local bodies to improve solid waste management practices. This includes the segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal of municipal solid waste. 54 Wastewater Treatment: The Board oversees the treatment and disposal of domestic and industrial wastewater. It ensures that sewage treatment plants (STPs) and effluent treatment plants (ETPs) operate efficiently and meet discharge standards. •    Rural Environmental Management: Agricultural Pollution Control: HPPCB addresses issues related to agricultural pollution, such as the use of pesticides and fertilizers. It promotes sustainable agricultural practices and the use of organic inputs. Biodiversity Conservation: The Board supports initiatives for the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources in rural areas. This includes the protection of forests, wetlands, and other ecologically sensitive areas. •    Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: HPPCB maintains an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from various sectors. This data is crucial for developing state-level climate action plans. Renewable Energy Promotion: The Board advocates for the adoption of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce the state's carbon footprint. •    Disaster Management: Environmental Impact Assessments: HPPCB conducts environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for developmental projects, ensuring that potential environmental risks are identified and mitigated. Emergency Response: The Board is equipped to respond to environmental emergencies, such as chemical spills or industrial accidents, by coordinating with relevant agencies and implementing containment measures. • Self-Check Questions-2 Q.1 What is the functions of HPPCB? Q.2 Describe the role of HPPCB in Environmental Management. 18.5 Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board is a nodal agency functioning under the guidance of Central Pollution Control Board in the administrative structure of Himachal Pradesh government for the planning, promotion, coordination and supervising environmental programs. It works under the following legislation- •    Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 •    Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 •    Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 On the matter of Electronic and Plastic waste management, Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board is abide by the following guidelines of management system and tackle the issues tactfully to keep in mind of sustainable development- •    Central Pollution Control Board guidelines of Electronic Waste (Management) Rule 2016 •    Central Pollution Control Board guidelines of Plastic Waste (Management) Rule, 2016 •    Adhere to Extended Producer Responsibility •    SoPs & Check list for E-waste and Plastic waste authorizations •    Authorized electronic waste recyclers and waste dismantlers (b) Organizational Structure of HP PCB It has launched Pollution abating Plant Abhiyan (PAPA) through which 4 lakhs plants projected to plant at different locations of Himachal Pradesh. A plastic bag has been proposed to replace by Jute bags. Several steps have been taken to reduce air pollution in the state. Biomedical waste, Hazardous waste, Electronic waste and plastic waste etc. have taken into consideration by Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board in the state. The rules and regulations such as manufacture storage and import of Hazardous Chemicals rules, 1989; Hazardous Waste Rules, 1989/2008; Noise Pollution Rules, 1999; Bio-medical, Plastics, Electronic and other Municipal Solid Waste etc. have empowered to the Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board and described its role and functions. It has 11 regional offices at different places of Himachal Pradesh whereas head quarters are in Shimla, two sub-regional offices at Nurpur and Kalaamb, a Central laboratory at Parwanoo and four regional laboratories at Shimla, Paonta, Dharmshala and Sunder Nagar. Table: 15.2 Organizational Structure of HP Pollution Control Board w r t industrial Regulation □INSIGNI [AqiM)i] [ oro-11 [Up* ], SA I] (*S.a»«1.-l] [SEE 2. EE 1. ME I] [.B 2. Sup* U (MA 1. SA Î MC *] LEGAL DÍVII1OM [LOL. ALO-l] [DEO 1. Steno 1] WXt MSW & Management [nOL.ttOl.tO2] UM L. SOM-1. SA-1) ’□ert i, o» q Sources: http://hppcb.nic.in/Organization.html Date: 11-06-2021, Time: 12.40 IST Chairman, HP SPCB: The Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (HP SPCB) is a nodal agency functioning under the guidance of the Central Pollution Control Board as per the provisions of Water Act, 1974 and it is headed by a chairman. Chairman, HP SPCB is assisted by the executive head of the State Board formulated by the government of Himachal Pradesh as a member secretary. Chairman, HP SPCB is playing a catalytic role in terms of enforcement of policies and to watch and monitor implementation of various legislations by the regional offices with the direction of Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi. Member Secretary, HP SPCB: The executive head of the State Board is the Member Secretary. He is responsible for planning, organizing, staffing and coordinating with various agencies with regards to smooth functioning of the regulatory authority. In order to have effective decision making process, the HP SPCB has two tier system of working consisting of Head Office and Regional Offices. The Government of Himachal Pradesh appointed additional chief secretary as chairman of HP SPCB and nominate the official members of the State Board for a period of three years. Following are the official members of the State Board: •    The Pr. Secretary (Env. S & T) to the Govt. of HP •    The Pr. Secretary (Finance) to the Govt. of HP •    The Pr. Secretary (MPP & Power) to the Govt. of HP •    The Pr. Secretary (UD) to the Govt. of HP •    The Pr. Secretary (Industries) to the Govt. of HP •    Managing Director, HP Road Transport Corporation, Shimla •    The Chief Executive Officer (HIMURJA), Shimla In such a way State Board has been formed with the Member Secretary of several divisions like Administration Division; Finance and Accounts Divisions; Regulatory Divisions; Legal Divisions; IT Divisions; Estate Divisions and Scientific Divisions. The Member Secretary, HP SPCB is playing a chief coordinating role of State Board in terms of maintaining, restoring and preserving the wholesomeness of quality of environment and prevention of hazards to human beings and terrestrial flora and fauna. Head Office: HP SPCB, Shimla is the head office. With regards to effective decision making process, the HP SPCB has two tier system of working i.e. Head Office and Regional Offices. The main function of Head Office is to set up policies and to watch and monitor implementation of various legislations by the regional offices. The Head Office also issue Consent to Establishment (COE) and Consent to Operate (COP) which are beyond the delegation power of regional officer. Regional Office: The HP SPCB has eleven regional offices where regulatory power has been delegated to the concerned officers by the chairman and member secretary of the state board. Table: 15.3 Regional Office Structure of Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board CHAIRMAN RO Bilaspur [EE-1] CEE-1] [Supdt-1] [DEO-2]' [Peon-1] [Hetper-1 [JEE-1, SA-1] [Driver- 1J [Helper-11 [Supdt-1 UBE-11’ Sources: http://hppcb.nic.in/Organization.html Date: 11-06-2021, Time: 12.40 IST Functions and Role of HP PCB 1] Dharmsbata [EE-l.AEE-l] IJA-1, DEO-1] [Clerk-1] [Peon-1] [Helper-11 The major administrative responsibilities of the regional offices are as follow: >    Inspection of industries and local bodies. >    Inspection of sites proposed for setting up of industries to verify the suitability of the same from environmental point of view. >    To send proposal for issue closure order for defaulting units whenever notices. >    Preparation of Draft Annual Report and submit to the HP SPCB. >    Giving guidance to industries, local bodies on statutory provisions >    Coordinating with different agencies >    To initiate legal action as per law >    To draw comprehensive programs for survey of problematic areas >    To examine cases of issue of Authorization under Hazardous and other Wastes (Management and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2016. >    Arranging seminars, conferences, training programs and public awareness programs in the area in coordination with Head Office and other stakeholders. Laboratories of HP PCB: The HP SPCB consisting with a central laboratory at Parwanoo and four regional laboratories at Shimla, Paonta, Dharmshala and Sundernagar. Table: 15.4 Laboratory Structure of Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board Sources: http://hppcb.nic.in/Organization.html Date: 11-06-2021, Time: 12.40 IST. At present, Central Laboratory, Parwanoo is headed by Principle Scientific Officer. Regional Laboratory of Paonta, Shimla and Sundernagar is headed by Senior Scientific Officer whereas Regional Laboratory, Dharmshala is headed by a Scientific Officer. Following are the major responsibilities of the laboratories. >    To analyze the samples submitted by regional office >    To prepare requirement of chemicals, equipments and instruments >    To inspect and check Bio-Medical Waste Management by the health care facilities for examination the cases for grant of authorization under Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016. In case of electronic and plastic waste, collection, storage, transportation, segregation, dismantling, recycling and disposal mechanism, HP Pollution Control Board authorized to issue an appropriate guideline for the same. All stakeholders such as producer, brand owners, importers etc. associated with electronic and plastic products shall have to obtain a registration certificate as per the Performa issued by the HP Pollution Control Board for grant of registration or renewable of the same time to time. HP Pollution Control Board not liable to renew registration of producers or applied stakeholders unless the concerns stakeholders possesses and action plan endorsed by the secretary in charge of urban development of Himachal Pradesh. • Self-Check Questions-3 Q.1 Write a short note on Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board. 18.6    Summary The Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board (HPPCB) is a statutory authority established to protect the environment and prevent pollution in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. It operates under the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The board's primary responsibilities include monitoring and regulating industrial and vehicular emissions, ensuring compliance with environmental standards, and promoting sustainable development practices. HPPCB conducts environmental impact assessments, issues pollution control guidelines, and enforces legal measures to mitigate pollution. It collaborates with industries, government agencies, and communities to promote environmental awareness and implement pollution control measures effectively. Overall, HPPCB plays a crucial role in safeguarding Himachal Pradesh's natural environment and promoting eco-friendly development strategies 18.7    Glossary •    Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board: It is an essential institution for the environmental governance of the state. Its comprehensive approach to pollution control and environmental management ensures the protection of natural resources and the health and well-being of its residents. •    Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: HPPCB maintains an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from various sectors. This data is crucial for developing state-level climate action plans. 18.8    Answers to Self-Check Exercises Self-check Exercise-1 60 Ans 1. Refer to section 18.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 18.4 Ans 2 Refer to section 18.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 18.5 18.9    References/Suggested Readings 1.    Dr. R.D. Sharma, “Development Administration in India”, Mittal Publication, 2003. 2.    R.K. Sapru, “Development Administration”, Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002. 3.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/ 4.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/ 5.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development- goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_E ng lish&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9q dBhAOEiwAvxIok-OJyP- K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-poverty 6.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ 7.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles- And-Values.html 8.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable- development-2627798 9.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development- report- 2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20an d% 20120%20in%202021. 10.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs 11.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf 12.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration 18.10 Terminal Questions Q.1 Dicuss environmental administration in terms of HPPCB. Q.2 What is the role and functions of HPPCB. UNIT-19 Tribal Welfare Administration, Tribal Sub-Plan & Single Line Administration in Himachal Pradesh. Part-1 Structure 19.1    Introduction 19.2    Learning Objective 19.3    Definitions of Tribal Welfare Administration Self-Check Exercise-1 19.4    Characteristics of Tribal Welfare Administration Self-Check Exercise-2 19.5    Nature of Tribal Welfare Administration Self-Check Exercise-3 19.6    Significance of Tribal Welfare Administration Self-Check Exercise-4 19.7    Summary 19.8    Glossary 19.9    Answer to Self-Check Exercise- 19.10    References/Suggested Readings 19.11    Terminal Questions 19.1    Introduction The word “Tribe” is taken from the Latin word “Tribus” which means “one third”. The word originally referred to one of the three territorial groups which united to make Rome. India is known as a Melting pot of tribes and races. After Africa India has the second largest concentration of tribal population within the world. Approximately there are about 698 Scheduled Tribes that constitute 8.5% of the India’s population as 2001 censes. Tribal population have some specific characteristics which are different from others tribes. They are simple people with unique customs, traditions and practices. They lived a life of isola6t2ion or you can say that geographical isolation. In India aboriginal tribes have lived for 1000 of years in forests and hilly areas without any communication with various centers of civilization. Now, there is a need to integrate tribes in to main stream of the society as a rightful member with respect There is no exact definition or the criteria for considering a tribe as a human group. However researchers defined it in various forms at different times. Sometimes they called “Tribe” as “aboriginal” or “depressed classes” or “Adivasees”. Normally, ‘tribe’ may be a group of individuals during a primitive or barbarous stage of development acknowledging the authority of a chief and typically regarding them as having a same ancestor. According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India, a tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous, though originally it might have been so. As per the definition of Oxford Dictionary "A tribe is a group of people in a primitive or barbarous stage of development acknowledging the authority of a chief and usually regarding themselves as having a common ancestor”. Lucy Mair defines Tribe as “an independent political division of a population with a common culture”. While D.N. Majumdar defines tribe as “a social group with territorial affiliation, endogamous with no specialization of functions ruled by tribal officers hereditary or otherwise, united in language or dialect recognizing social distance with other tribes or castes”. Gillin and Gillin considers Tribe as any collection of pre-literate local group that occupies a common general territory speaks a common language and practices a common culture as a tribe. •    Tribal Administration in Pre-Independence Period Prior to the advent of the British, tribes were never fully subjugated by the invading Muslim rulers, who preferred to make settlements with the local non-tribal princes or with tribal chieftains. They did not intervene in tribal customary laws, lifestyles and economic fabric. As a result, tribal life was not influenced by political changes due to Muslim rule. Till the entry of the British, the tribals were the masters of the forests and their ancestral lands. Under the British rule, the contact of the British officials with the tribal people remained difficult due to the rather inaccessible habitats of the tribals, such as remote hills, marshy or malarial forests and inhospitable tracts. The British depended on Christian missionaries for information and followed a policy of ‘let them alone’. They tried to consolidate their power on the majority of the accessible Indian population rather than on minor tribal groups. Thus, they maintained the isolation of the tribal people from the rest of the country. They were63not bothered to save them from the clutches of moneylenders, landholders and contractors or from the influence of missionaries. But within a short span of their rule, the British encountered a major turbulence from the hill tribes Mal Pahariya of Rajmahal hills in Bengal. Local landlords or feudal zamindars had been slowly encroaching upon the neighboring tribal lands in connivance with corrupt officials and forcing the tribals to accept slavery. The condition of tribals worsened due to exploitation by local traders, businessmen and moneylenders. It created a great discontent among the hill men who finally revolted against the Hindu zamindars in 1772 and launched a violent struggle in some areas. In 1793, Lord Cornwallis introduced a land tenure system in India for the benefit of the class of people who were strong supporters of British domination in India. The new land tenure system declared zamindars to be owners of land, and required them to pay rent revenue to the government. Thus, zamindars were able to use land as private property as well as commodity in the market. This system divided land into small fractions and different feudal lords got possession of land parcels. This new land tenure system caused much unrest among the tribals. The unrest was due to the following reasons: •    Traditional economy of the tribals was challenged and their right over agricultural lands was lost. To mitigate the problem, the British government enacted the first tenant law in 1859 but it failed to lessen the problems of poor peasants and tribals. •    Retired army personnel were allowed to settle on the fringes of certain tribal areas in an effort to contain tribes indulging in clashes with settled farmers. The colonial policy thus created a gulf of mistrust and suspicion in the minds of tribal people against the neighbouring non-tribals. •    Forests, which play a vital role in procuring sustainable livelihoods, were now reserved. Most tribal communities depend on forests for their survival in the form of collection of firewood, roots, tubers, vegetable leaves, medicinal herbs, fodder etc. Hunting wild game provides an important source of protein •    Shifting cultivation was restricted in the name of conservation of natural forests. This curtailed the tribal rights on forests without providing alternative livelihood to the tribes. To restrict environmental exploitation, the British government designed a policy on forest reservation known as First Forest Policy of 1894. It affected the tribal way of life in many respects. Tribals, once the lords of the forests, slowly lost control over them, which steadily went into the hands of the Forest Departm6e4nt. Their traditional right on forest was no longer recognized and their free movement inside the forest was restricted. This forceful displacement of tribes from their original habitat pushed them to resort to criminal activities. Subsequently, British administration labelled such tribes as criminal tribes. •    Further, tribal art and crafts were denied incentives, which created a feeling among the tribals that their products were not up to the mark. •    Due to industrialization, a large number of tribals were recruited in mining and steel companies at minimum wages. In order to make ends meet, they had to borrow money. The moneylenders introduced forced and bonded labour in lieu of their debts. The outcome of the British policy of administration was a considerable discontent among the tribal communities which often took the form rebellion. Some of the notable rebellions are: •    Kol rebellion in 1831-32 against the forceful dispossession of the tribal land, enhancement of rent and forced labour. •    Santhal revolt in 1885. •    Bastar Resurrection in 1911. •    Civil disobedience by Kond Maliahs and Tana Bhagats in 1920s. Thus, British policy of administration proved to be disastrous for tribals. 19.2    Learning Objectives After Learning through this lesson the students will be able to know: •    Tribal Welfare Administration •    Characteristics and Significance of Tribal Welfare Administration •    Nature and Scope of Tribal Welfare Administration 19.3    Definitions of Tribal Welfare Administration The programmes and schemes of the Ministry are intended to support and supplement other Central Ministries, State Governments and partly of voluntary organizations, and to fill critical gaps in institutions and programmes t65 ing into account the situation of STs through financial assistance. These schemes comprising economic, educational and social development through institution building are administered by the Ministry and implemented mainly through the State Governments/ Union Territory Administrations. The Ministry also supplements the efforts of other Ministries by way of various developmental interventions in critical sectors through specially tailored schemes. Independent India visualized integration of tribals into national mainstream. To promote integration of tribes, the Union government introduced a tribal welfare department in 1951 for protection and upliftment of Scheduled Tribes. With the help of various provisions of the Constitution, a new line of administration was set up by creating Fifth Schedule (Scheduled Area) and Sixth Schedule (Tribal Area) through Article 244. The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution mentioned that the President may, by order, declare tribal areas to be Scheduled Areas. The President may make any changes in the Scheduled Areas after consultation with the Governor of the state. These areas are administered as part of the states in which they are situated but the Governor is given powers to modify Centre and State laws in their application to these areas. Further, he has the power to frame regulations for peace and good governance of these areas, particularly with regards to protection of land rights, settlement of wasteland and safeguards against moneylenders. In framing the regulations, the Governor is required to consult the Tribes Advisory Council (TAC) of the state. The recommendations further required submitting to the President of India an annual report or a report at such intervals as may be required by the Union government. The Scheduled Areas were constituted to assist the tribals in enjoying their existing rights and to develop the areas to promote economic, educational and social progress of the Scheduled Tribes. The Fifth Schedule visualizes a division of responsibility between the State and Union government in matters of administration. It is the responsibility of the state government to implement schemes for development of tribes inhabiting within its boundaries. The central government provides guidance to the state government regarding administration and also makes available funds. The Governor has been vested with powers to make regulations for the peace and upliftment of tribals. He also has the power to direct whether or not state and central laws shall apply to the Scheduled Areas, or shall apply only with modifications. Tribal areas cover only those areas which are specified in the Sixth Schedule in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura. They enjoy full autonomy in respect of matters falling within their jurisdiction and hence they are called a state within a state. It also provides the tribals the power of self-management through autonomous districts and regions. There are nine autonomous districts in the Tribal Areas of four states: •    Two in Assam •    Three in Meghalaya •    Three in Mizoram •    One in Tripura. • Self-Check Questions-1 Q.1 Write a short note on tribal welfare administration. 19.4 Characteristics of Tribal Welfare Administration The Ministry was set up in 1999 after the bifurcation of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment with the objective of providing a more focused approach towards the integrated socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes (the most underprivileged section of the Indian Society) in a coordinated and planned manner. Before the formation of the Ministry, tribal affairs were handled by different Ministries at different points in time. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the Nodal Ministry for overall policy planning and coordination of programmes for development of STs. To this end, the Ministry has undertaken activities that follow under the subjects allocated in the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961 and amendment(s) thereafter. The subjects allocated to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs are as follows: It covers all tribal people and all areas with tribal population across the country •    Social security and social insurance to the Scheduled Tribes •    Tribal Welfare: Planning, project formulation, research, evaluation, statistics and training •    Promotion and development of voluntary efforts on tribal welfare •    Development of Scheduled Tribes •    Scheduled Areas •    Monitoring of ST Welfare Grants, based on the framework and mechanism designed by NITI Ayog •    The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (a). Commission to report on the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes; and (b). Issue of directions regarding the drawing up and execution of schemes essential for the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in any State. • Implementation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, excluding administration of criminal justice in regard to offences in so far as they relate to Scheduled Tribes (a)    Tribal Sub Plan The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) aims to bridge the gap between the Schedule Tribes (STs) and the general population with respect to all socio-economic development indicators in a time-bound manner. TSP is not applicable to states where tribals represent more than 60% of the population. The tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh though sparsely populated continue to receive special attention of the State Government primarily on account of their strategic location and comparative backwardness. The Tribal Sub Plan was started in 1974-75 in the State and entire tribal population was brought under the ambit of the Tribal Sub Plan by 1987-88. The flow of funds from State Plan to Tribal Sub Plan has substantially increased over a period of time from 3.65% in 1974-75 to about 9% at the end of the Eighth Five Year Plan and same level for 12th Five Year Plan. •    The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) is a planning concept used in India to channelize the flow of benefits from the Central government for the development of tribal populations in the states. The motivation for TSPs is to bridge the gap between tribal population and others by accelerating access to education and health services, housing, income generating opportunities, and protection against exploitation and oppression. •    The concept of Tribal Sub-Plans was introduced in the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979) and implementation commenced in 17 states and 2 union territories. Areas under Tribal Sub-Plans were gradually increased; at the end of the Ninth Five Year Plan (2002), 23 states or union territories were covered. •    Areas included in the Tribal Sub-Plan are blocks or tehsils with 50 percent or more tribal population. The process of TSP development is led by the tribal welfare departments of the respective states. Balanced growth and economic development is the ultimate aim of every country and the strategic plans (Fifth five year plans as in case of India) are designed accordingly. After 25 years of independence, and successful completion of four five year and three annual plan, it was realized by policy makers that the Scheduled Tribes are still way behind the mainstream development process. Apart from this, it was also been realized that the general plan schemes and programmes designed for the overall development of the economy hardly improved their socio-economic status. Similarly, the benefit of such general welfare schemes did not percolate down towards the development of STs Population of the country in any significant manner. In order to eradicate these issues, the Tribal Sub-Plan was initiated during Fifth Five Year Plan) for socioeconomic amelioration of the tribal communities who comprise 22.13 percent in Odisha. The ST development effort was revamped and invigorated in order to fulfill the constitutional mandates of ensuring better quality of life of the schedule tribes. In between 36 years have passed and even now, the Human Development Indices (HDI) of the STs are the lowest in Odisha. The basic objective of Tribal Sub-Plan is to channelize the flow of outlays and benefits from the general sectors in the Central Ministries/Departments for the development of Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes at least in proportion to their population, both in physical and financial terms. The Mid Term Appraisal of the Eleventh Plan has noted that several Central Ministries/Departments have not earmarked adequate funds to TSP, proportionate to the share of STs in the population. The broad objectives of the TSP are as follows: •    Substantial reduction in poverty and un-employment. •    Creation of productive assets in favor of Scheduled Tribes to sustain the growth likely to accrue through development efforts. •    Human resource development of the Scheduled Tribes by providing adequate educational and health services, •    Provision of physical and financial security against all types of exploitation and The Tribal Sub-Plans are integral to the Annual Plans as well as Five Year Plans, making provisions therein non-divertible and non-lapsable, with the clear objective of bridging the gap in socio-economic development of the STs within a specified period. But, the major issues and challenges are the provisions are grossly violated by the department authorities. The money earmarked for tribal development is spent in other ways making a mockery of the above objectives. There is no monitoring and evaluation on behalf of the concerned departments and nobody is accountable for it. •    In Odisha, the TSP funds which should not be diverted for other purposes are diverted for infrastructure development activities other than TSP areas. •    Provision of less TSP budget in annual plans in comparison to the tribal population and thus violating the guideline. •    The TSP budget should focus the empowerment of Tribal leaders (community leaders) through trainings, exposures and education. •    The annual plans do not have any realistic physical target for TSP schemes / Programmes. •    On behalf of the government there is no periodical benchmark surveys regarding the socioeconomic status of the tribal people in TSP areas, there is no perspective plan, no vision document for long term goals and outcomes. •    Last but not the least, the SC and ST development department is spending less than the desired level of expenditure earmarked for various development purposes. The TSP funds are allocated from the consolidated fund of India under article 275(I) is a central sector scheme under which 100 per cent financial assistance is being provided to the states through the nodal Ministry of Tribal Affairs. All revenues received, loans raised and all moneys received by the Government in repayment of loans are credited to the Consolidated Fund of India and hence the communities and civil societies have a role to monitor it The major tribal friendly acts like PESA and FRA implementation and the expenses incurred by the institutions and departments may supplement and complement TSP funds, programmes and schemes. •    New guidelines should be developed taking account of the experience thus far to guide the formation of the Sub-Plan in 12th five year plan. •    TSP programmes/schemes should be made transparent and monitoring is needed. •    Only those schemes should be included under TSP that ensures direct benefits to individuals or families belonging to Scheduled Tribes. •    Priority should be given for providing basic minimum services like primary education, health, drinking water, nutrition, rural housing, rural electrification and rural link road. •    Wage component, especially under rural employment schemes, should not be included under TSP. •    Schemes to develop agriculture and allied activities like animal husbandry, dairy development, vocational training, etc. that provide a source of livelihood to ST population should be included. •    Innovative projects that draw upon institutional finance to supplement plan allocations may be drawn up. State Governments should take initiative to generate awareness among the general public about the schemes to be implemented/being implemented for the development of STs by the different departments of the State Governments through electronic and print media. (b)    Single Line Administration in Himachal Pradesh The single line administration was introduced in the year 1986 for pangi and it has implied the entire scheduled area of the state by 1988 with the following objectives- 1 .) To ensure speedy disposal of work and execution of development schemes.2.) To generate flexibility in developmental work. 3 .) To minimize the bottleneck in administrative planning. 4 .) Augmenting governance through proper coordination among various departments of the government. The chief administrative authority within the district vests in the Deputy Commissioner, who more due to single line administration is not only District Magistrate and Collector but for all intents and purposes, is also the head of all the district level offices. In addition to the usual and traditional role as Deputy Commissioner he has multifarious duties. As Deputy Commissioner, he is the executive head of the District looking after development, Panchayats, local bodies and civil administration. As District Magistrate, he is responsible for the maintenance of law and order and is the head of Police and prosecuting agency in the district. As Collector he is at the apex of the revenue administration and is responsible for the collection of land-revenue and all dues recoverable as arrears of land-revenue. He is also revenue-applause authority. He ensures the successful execution of plan-schemes and co-ordinates the functions of all development departments and in fact due to the peculiar circumstances and situation of the area his functions are largely those of a Development Officer. In order to avoid procedural delays and in the interest of early disposal of work, he has been given special and enhanced powers. He has been declared Head of Department for all offices functioning in the district. In addition to the above the Deputy Commissioner has been invested with so many other administrative and financial powers. He can affect transfers of non-gazette staff within the district in respect of staff of all the departments. • Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 What is the characterstics of tribal welfare administration? Q.2 Discuss about the single line administration in Himachal Pradesh. 19.5 Nature of Tribal Welfare Administration Tribes in India have been sheltered from the experiences of mainstream society since ages, with respect to impact of attacks by foreign invaders, encroachments, conflicts and so on. This isolation has made them socially, culturally and educationally backward compared to their neighboring populations. Local rulers more often than not had limited relationship with them as they were not considered to be a threat to their kingdoms. Though the rulers were aware of the miserable conditions of the tribes, they could not do much due to their disadvantageous location. This policy of non-intervention continued unabatedly till the advent of the British. During the colonial rule, the British started a simple system of administering the tribal areas. The single line administration did not affect their traditional councils and customary laws, maintaining the status quo of isolation, but facilitated the entry of outsiders such as forest contractors, moneylenders and traders. This made the tribals vulnerable to exploitation by non-tribals. Further, the British provided basic infrastructure such as roads and means of communication to facilitate the Christian missionaries to undertake medical and educational activities to uplift the tribes. These efforts were made to fulfill their administrative objectives of maintaining law and order and effectively controlling their colonies, but simultaneously resulted in aggravating the problem of exploitation of tribals by non-tribals. A tribe should have least functional interdependence within the community. •    Economically back warded (i.e. primitive and traditional means of exploiting natural resources, tribal economy should be at an underdeveloped stage and have multifarious economic pursuits). •    A comparative geographical isolation of its people. •    Having a common dialect. •    Politically unorganized and community panchayat should be influential. •    Have their own customary laws. The Tribal Community in India is Known as Scheduled Tribes or ST Under Article 366 of the Indian. In India there are 212 tribes of 14 States. The Notification and specification of any tribe or tribal community of any area as a “Scheduled Tribe” has been made by President of India under Article 342(i). Following are the characteristics of Indian tribes:- •    They have a definite geographical and Social area. •    Lives on Hilly or Forest area. •    An integrated social organization on the basis of primarily on blood relationships. •    Cultural homogeneity is the main characteristic of tribal community. •    They have a common Dialect with a shared folk-lore. •    Hierarchy among men and groups is absent. • Instrument of social bonds among tribes is Kinship. •    Absence or Lack of strong, complex, formal organization. •    Communitarian basis of land holding. •    Segmentary character. •    Little value on additional accumulation on the use of capital and on market trading •    Lack of distinction between forms as well as substance of religion •    A distinct psychological view towards enjoying life •    Scope of Tribal Welfare Administration Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifically to social insurance programs which provide support only to those who have previously contributed (e.g. most pension systems), as opposed to social assistance programs which provide support on the basis of need alone (e.g. most disability benefits). The International Labour Organization defines social security as covering support for those in old age, support for the maintenance          of          children, medical          treatment, parental and sick leave, unemployment and disability benefits, and support for sufferers of occupational injury. More broadly, welfare may also encompass efforts to provide a basic level of wellbeing through             free             or subsidized social             services such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, vocational training, and public housing. In a welfare state, the state assumes responsibility for the health, education, infrastructure and welfare of society, providing a range of social services such as those described. Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but welfare is commonly provided to individuals who are unemployed, those with illness or disability, the elderly, those with dependent children, and veterans. Programs may have a variety of conditions for a person to receive welfare: •    Social insurance, state-sponsored programs based partly on individual contributions towards benefits such as healthcare, unemployment payments, and old-age pensions. •    Means-tested benefits, financial assistance provided for those who are unable to cover basic needs, such as food, clothing and housing, due to poverty or lack of income because of unemployment, sickness, disability, or caring for children. While assistance is often in the form of financial payments, those eligible for social welfare can usually access health and educational services free of charge. The amount of support is enough to cover basic needs and eligibility is often subject to a comprehensive and complex assessment of an applicant's social and financial situation. See also Income Support. •    Non-contributory benefits. Several countries have special schemes, administered with no requirement for contributions and no means test, for people in certain categories of need, such as veterans of armed forces, people with disabilities, and very old people. •    Discretionary benefits. Some schemes are based on the decision of an official, such as a social worker. In developing countries, formal social security arrangements are often absent for the vast majority of the working population, in part due to reliance on the informal economy. Additionally, the state's capacity to reach people may be limited because of its limited infrastructure and resources. In this context, social protection is often referred to instead of social security, encompassing a broader set of means, such as labour market intervention and local community-based programs, to alleviate poverty and provide security against things like unemployment. • Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 What is the nature and scope of tribal welfare administration? 19.6    Significance of Tribal Welfare Administration A welfare state is a form of government in which the state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. There is substantial variability in the form and trajectory of the welfare state across countries and regions. All welfare states entail some degree of private-public partnerships wherein the administration and delivery of at least some welfare programmes occurs through private entities. Welfare state services are also provided at varying territorial levels of government. Early features of the welfare state, such as public pensions and social insurance, developed from the 1880s onwards in industrializing Western countries. World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II have been characterized as important events that ushered in expansions of the welfare state, including the use of state interventionism to combat lost output, high unemployment, and other problems. The fullest forms of the welfare state were developed after World War II. A social welfare agency is a group of person who have organized themselves as a legal corporate body. It is initiated spontaneously and governed by its own members without any external control or compulsion. It has a definite report of working group on social welfare for third – five –year plan, 1959 programme in fulfillment of its objectives with the funds raised by it from the community and grants received from government, if any. For providing treatment or preventive services in social welfare, an agency or organization is needed so that the techniques of social work are practiced in the fulfillment of the objectives of the agency, keeping in view the needs and resources of the community in which the agency is working. The agencies are of three kinds : (i) A governmental agency which functions as part of the government machinery or a government department run and controlled by government and supported by tax-funds. (ii) A social welfare agency run and financed by the members of the community with local contributions and donations and (iii) Non-governmental or autonomous agencies promoted and funded by the government but its day – to – day work is supervised by voluntary workers with the help of whole – time paid staff with the same terms and conditions of service as under the government. A social welfare agency, on the other hand, is run and regulated according to the procedures framed by the people themselves as contained in the rules and regulations. It might receive financial assistance out of the tax-funds to meet partly its expenditure on social welfare services. Nevertheless, whatever may be the kind of service rendered, it is necessary for a social agency to have pre-determined purpose, public policy, planned programmes, proper personnel, purposeful procedures and practices, and people's cooperation to work out agency's services. To perform its work the voluntary agency needs resources – human material and time. The common denominator is money, adequate not only to maintain standards, but for development. The direct responsibility which the executive takes for money raising will depend on the nature of the agency. Resources once obtained have to be deployed. Authority itself may be defined in terms of control over resources. The executive's authority is a correlate of his control over the total resources of the agency; and when he delegates authority, what he is in fact delegating it the power to use resources. The administrator controls resources external to himself. He deploys them efficiently is pursuit of the agency's purpose, and for identifying and acting upon the need to increase them. • Self-Check Exercise-4 Q.1 What is the significance of Tribal Welfare Administration? 19.7    Summary Welfare administration involves the management and implementation of social welfare programs and policies aimed at enhancing the well-being and quality of life for individuals and communities. It encompasses a range of services such as healthcare, education, housing assistance, unemployment benefits, and social security. The significance of welfare administration lies in its role in addressing social inequalities, poverty, and promoting social justice. By providing essential services and support to vulnerable populations, welfare administration aims to ensure equitable access to opportunities and resources. It contributes to reducing economic disparities, improving health outcomes, and enhancing overall social cohesion. Effective welfare administration also plays a critical role in supporting economic stability and sustainable development by investing in human capital and fostering a productive workforce. It promotes inclusivity and empowers individuals to participate fully in society, thereby contributing to the nation's social and economic progress. In summary, welfare administration is essential for fostering a more equitable and inclusive society, promoting social welfare, and ensuring that all citizens have access to basic necessities and opportunities for a dignified life. 19.8    Glossary •    Welfare Administration: Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. •    Tribal Administration: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs, a branch of Government of India, looks after the affairs of the tribal communities in India by providing educational scholarships, grants to create more health infrastructure in tribal communities and direct cash transfer schemes to economically backward tribal families 19.9    Answer to Self-Check ExercisesSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 19.2 Ans 2. Refer to section 19.2 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 19.3 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 19.4 Ans 2. Refer to section 19.4 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 19.5 Self-check Exercise-5 Ans 1. Refer to section 19.6 19.10    References/Suggested Readings 1.    Edward W, Wedner: Development Administration, Asia Duke university Press, Dushan, 1970. 2.    E. Vayunandan& Dolly Mathew (ed): Good governance initiatives in India, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2003. 3.    Fred W Riggs: Frontier of Development Administration in Asia Duke University Press. Durshan, 1970. 4.    Gnat, G.F: Development Administration: Concepts, goals 7 Methods. University Press, Madison, 1979. 5.    Mohit Bhattacharya:   Develop7m8 ent Administration. Jawahar publishers, New Delhi, 2001. 6.    https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004131501351340N eeti_SW_Tribal_Community.pdf 7.    https://assets.survivalinternational.org/documents/1680/tomorrowsworld.pdf 8.    https://hds.hp.gov.in/UploadedImages/RichTextDocument/ESIA%20Reckong%20 Peo%20CA20210929.pdf 9.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/71393/1/Unit-4.pdf 10.    https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/tribal-sub-plan 19.11    Terminal Questions Discuss the nature, scope and significance of tribal welfare administration. what do you understand by welfare administration? Critically examine. UNIT-20 Tribal Welfare Administration, Tribal Sub-Plan & Single Line Administration in Himachal Pradesh. Part-2 Structure 20.1    Introduction 20.2    Learning objective 20.3    Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) Self-Check Exercise-1 20.4    Single Line Administration (SLA) Self-Check Exercise-2 20.5    Case Studies and Examples Self-Check Exercise-3 20.6    Summary 20.7    Glossary 20.8    Answers to Self-Check Exercises 20.9    References/Suggested Readings 20.10    Terminal Questions 20.1    Introduction Himachal Pradesh, a mountainous state in northern India, is home to a significant tribal population. These tribes have distinct socio-cultural practices and often inhabit remote, inaccessible regions. To address the unique challenges faced by these communities, the Indian government has implemented various initiatives, including the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) and the Single Line Administration (SLA). This UNIT explores the development, implementation, and impact of these initiatives in Himachal Pradesh. 20.2    Learning Objective: After studying this lesson the students will be able to know about: •    The concept of Tribal Welfare Administration •    Tribal Sub Plan and Single Line Administration. 20.3    Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) 1. Background and Objectives The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) was introduced as part of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979) by the Government of India. The primary objective of TSP is to ensure the socio-economic development of tribal communities, bridging the gap between tribal and non-tribal areas. The TSP focuses on improving access to education, healthcare, infrastructure, and livelihood opportunities. 2.    Key Features of TSP in Himachal Pradesh •    Area Identification: In Himachal Pradesh, the TSP is implemented in designated Tribal Areas, which include districts like Kinnaur, Lahaul-Spiti, and Pangi and Bharmour subdivisions of Chamba district. •    Fund Allocation: A specific proportion of the state’s total plan outlay is earmarked for TSP. This allocation is intended to be proportionate to the tribal population in the state. •    Integrated Development: The TSP adopts an integrated approach, focusing on various sectors such as agriculture, education, health, housing, and roads. •    Community Participation: Efforts are made to involve tribal communities in the planning and implementation process, ensuring that development programs are culturally appropriate and meet the actual needs of the communities. 3.    Implementation and Impact •    Educational Initiatives: Significant progress has been made in improving literacy rates among tribal populations through the establishment of schools and hostels. Special scholarships and incentives are provided to encourage higher education. •    Healthcare Improvements: Mobile health units, primary health centers, and the introduction of traditional 81 medicine practices have improved healthcare access. Immunization and nutrition programs have also seen a positive impact. •    Infrastructure Development: Construction of roads, bridges, and electrification projects has enhanced connectivity and accessibility. Improved transportation facilities have facilitated better market access for tribal products. •    Livelihood Enhancement: Programs aimed at promoting traditional crafts, agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry have boosted income levels. Skill development and vocational training programs have opened new employment avenues. •    Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 What are the key features of TSP in Himachal Pradesh Q.2 Discuss about implementation and impact of tribal-sub plan. 20.4    Single Line Administration (SLA) •    Concept and Rationale Single Line Administration (SLA) is a governance model aimed at streamlining administrative processes in tribal areas. It seeks to consolidate authority under a single administrative head, usually the Deputy Commissioner, to ensure effective and coordinated delivery of services. •    Structure and Functioning Administrative Head: The Deputy Commissioner (DC) is vested with comprehensive powers and responsibilities, covering both administrative and development functions in the tribal areas. Integrated Approach: All development activities and schemes under various departments are routed through the DC. This integration helps in avoiding delays and ensures that the benefits of various schemes reach the targeted population efficiently. Flexibility and Decentralization: SLA provides the flexibility to adapt plans and programs to local needs and conditions. Decentralized decision-making empowers local authorities to address issues promptly. •    Benefits and Challenges Improved Coordination: By centralizing authority, SLA enhances inter-departmental coordination, leading to more efficient utilization of resources and better implementation of schemes. Enhanced Accountability: With a single point of responsibility, accountability mechanisms are strengthened, ensuring that development goals are met. Responsive Governance: SLA enables quicker response to local issues and grievances, as the administrative head can make decisions without extensive bureaucratic delays. Challenges: Despite its advantages, SLA faces challenges such as administrative overload on the DC, potential bureaucratic bottlenecks if not managed well, and 8t2he need for continuous capacity building of local administration. •    Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 Write a short note on Single Line Administration. 20.5    Case Studies and Examples 1.    Educational Upliftment in Kinnaur In Kinnaur district, the implementation of TSP has significantly improved educational outcomes. The introduction of mobile schools and residential hostels for students from remote areas has increased enrollment and retention rates. The single-line administration model has facilitated the swift execution of these projects, ensuring timely delivery of resources and monitoring of progress. 2.    Healthcare Advancements in Lahaul-Spiti The health infrastructure in Lahaul-Spiti has seen notable improvements under TSP and SLA. The establishment of primary health centers, coupled with mobile medical units, has brought healthcare services closer to the tribal population. The integrated approach under SLA has ensured that health initiatives are well-coordinated and effectively managed. 3.    Infrastructure Development in Chamba In the Chamba district, road construction projects under TSP have improved connectivity between tribal areas and major towns. The single-line administration has played a crucial role in expediting project approvals and addressing logistical challenges, thereby enhancing the socio-economic integration of tribal communities. • Self Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Discuss about the case studies with examples of trible sub-plan. 20.6    Summary Tribal welfare administration in India is structured to address the specific needs of Scheduled Tribes (STs), who have historically faced marginalization and geographical isolation. The constitutional provisions and legal framework, including the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, form the backbone of efforts to protect and develop tribal communities. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) oversees these initiatives, implementing schemes such as Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana and Eklavya Model Residential Schools to improve education, healthcare, livelihoods, and infrastructure in tribal areas. Education initiatives under tribal welfare focus on enhancing access and quality, including scholarships and vocational training. Healthcare programs aim to reduce morbidity through mobile health units and community health workers. Livelihood development schemes promote sustainable economic activities and entrepreneurship, often integrating traditional crafts and skills. Cultural preservation efforts emphasize safeguarding tribal languages, arts, and traditions, vital for maintaining cultural identity. Land and resource rights, as guaranteed by the Forest Rights Act, are crucial for sustainable resource management and tribal economic empowerment. Tribal welfare administration emphasizes participatory development, partnering with NGOs and tribal communities to ensure initiatives are responsive to local needs and preserve cultural integrity. Overall, these efforts aim to empower tribal communities socio-economically, protect their rights, and integrate them equitably into national development, fostering inclusive growth and respecting their unique socio-cultural heritage. 20.7    Glossary •    Improved Coordination: By centralizing authority, SLA enhances inter-departmental coordination, leading to more efficient utilization of resources and better implementation of schemes. •    Enhanced Accountability: With a single point of responsibility, accountability mechanisms are strengthened, ensuring that development goals are met. •    Self-Check Questions-1 Q.1 What is the key features of TSP in Himachal Pradesh? Q.2 Write a short note on Single Line Administration (SLA). 20.8    Answers to Self-Check Exercises Self-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 20.2 Ans 2. Refer to section 20.2 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 20.3 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 20.4 20.9    References/Suggested Readings 1.    Dr. R.D. Sharma, “Development Administration in India”, Mittal Publication, 2003. 2.    R.K. Sapru, “Development Administration”, Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002. 3.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/ 4.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development- goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_Eng lish&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9qdBh AOEiwAvxIok-OJyP-                    84 K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no- poverty 5.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ 6.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles- And-Values.html 7.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable- development-2627798 8.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development- report-2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20and% 20120%20in%202021. 9.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs 10.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf 11.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration 20.10    Termnal Questions Q.1 Describe implimentaion and impact of Tribal Sub Plan. Q.2 Discuss case studies with examples of single line administration. 85