--- title: "Vol 2 1" book: "PG MPUB 201 (2nd Sem) Sustainable Development Admn" category: "PG MPUB" publisher: "Ratan Prakashan Mandir Pvt. Ltd." type: "Educational Material" ---  According to Latest Syllabus Read For Sure Success In University Examination RATAN TEXT BOOK SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION Vol-2 M.A.Pub.Ad. (Sem-II) Dr. Sukumar Dey Published by Ratan Prakashan Mandir Pvt. Ltd. 2nd Floor, Centre Plaza, Parinay Kunj, Lajpat Kunj Marg, Agra-282002 Copyright Authors & Publishers Published by Ratan Prakashan Mandir Pvt. Ltd. 2nd Floor, Centre Plaza, Parinay Kunj, Lajpat Kunj Marg, Agra-282002 ISBN :978-81-69604-37-6 Price 190.00 only Printed at : KIDS INTERNATIONAL PVT. LTD. C-60, 61, 62, 63, EPIP, Shastripuram, Agra - 282007 Ph. : +91 9719004921 UNIT -6 Self Help Groups: Objectives, Functions and Formation of Self-Help Groups Structure 6.1    Introduction 6.2    Learning Obejective 6.3    SHG and Poor People Self-Check Exercise-1 6.4    Importance of Training in the success of SHG Self-Check Exercise-2 6.5    Types of Training Programmes necessary in promoting SHGs Self-Check Exercise-3 6.6    Indicators of a Good SHG Self-Check Exercise-4 6.7    Summary 6.8    Glossary 6.9    Answer to Self Check Exercises 6.10    References/Suggested Readings 6.11    Terminal Questions 6.1    Introduction Self-Help Group (SHG) is a small voluntary association of poor people, preferably from the same socioeconomic background. They come together for the purpose of solving their common problems through self-help and mutual help. The SHG promotes small savings among its members. The savings are kept with a bank. This common fund is in the name of the SHG. Usually, the member of members in one SHG does not exceedtwenty. •    Objectives of Self-help Groups The SHGs comprise very poor people who do not have access to formal financial institutions. They act as the form for the members to provide space and support to each other. It also enables the members to learn to cooperate and work in a group environment. The SI IGs provide savings mechanism, which suits the needs of the members. It also provides a cost effective delivery mechanism for small credit to its members. The SHGs significantly contribute to the empowerment of poor women. Non-Governmental Organizations (NUOS) Social Workers, health workers, village level workers, etc Informal Associations of local people Development oriented Government departments, Banks, Bank personnel, Mahila Mandals, Yuvak Mandals, Facilitators other individuals (in their personal capacities) Fanners’ Clubs under the Vikas Volunteer Vahini (VVV) Programme of NABARD, and other development institutions. Formulation of Self-Help Groups •    The Genesis of SHG in India can be traced to formation of Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in 1970. •    The SHG Bank Linkage Project launched by NABARD in 1992 has blossomed into the world’s largest microfinance project. •    NABARD alongwith RBI permitted SHGs to have a savings account in banks from the year of 1993. This action gave a considerable boost to the SHG movement and paved the way for the SHG-Bank linkage program. •    In 1999, Government of India, introduced Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) to promote self-employment in rural areas through formation and skilling of SHGs. •    The programme evolved as a national movement in 2011 and became National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) – world’s largest poverty alleviation programme. •    Today, State Rural Livelihood Missions (SRLMs) are operational in 29 states and 5 UTs (except Delhi and Chandigarh). •    NRLM facilitated universal access to the affordable cost-effective reliable financial services to the poor like financial literacy, bank account, savings, credit, insurance, remittance, pension and counselling on financial services. 6.2    Learning Objective: After going through this lesson the students will be able to know the •    Concept of Self-Help Groups •    Objectives of SHGs •    How to form SHGs •    Women and SHG •    Banks and SHGs •    Training for SHGs 6.3    SHG and Poor People Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have a significant correlation with the socioeconomic status of poor people, especially in developing countries. SHGs are typically small, voluntary groups of individuals, often women, who come together to address common issues, primarily focusing on improving their economic and social status. The relationship between SHGs and poor people can be elaborated on in several key aspects: • Economic Empowerment 1.    Access to Credit: SHGs provide members with access to small loans that are not easily obtainable through traditional banking systems. This is crucial for poor individuals who lack collateral and credit history. 2.    Microfinance: SHGs often work as intermediaries for microfinance institutions. By pooling their savings, members can lend money to each other or invest in income-generating activities, reducing reliance on informal moneylenders who charge exorbitant interest rates. 3.    Income Generation: The credit obtained through SHGs enables members to start or expand small businesses, which can significantly improve their household incomes and economic stability. • Social Empowerment 1.    Capacity Building: SHGs often provide training in skills such as financial literacy, business management, and vocational skills, enhancing members' capabilities to engage in economic activities more effectively. 2.    Social Capital: The collective nature of SHGs fosters a sense of community and mutual support. Members often benefit from shared knowledge, resources, and networks, which can help in tackling social and economic challenges. 3.    Gender Equality: In many cases, SHGs empower women by giving them financial independence and a platform to voice their concerns and participate in decision-making processes, both within their families and communities. • Impact on Poverty Alleviation 1.    Increased Savings: SHGs encourage regular saving habits among members, which can provide a financial safety net and reduce vulnerability to economic shocks. 2.    Improved Livelihoods: The combination of access to credit, capacity building, and collective action often leads to improved livelihoods for SHG members. This can translate into better nutrition, education, and healthcare for their families, creating a positive cycle of development. 3.    Asset Building: Through loans and collective investment, SHG members can acquire assets such as livestock, agricultural equipment, or even land, which further strengthens their economic security. • Challenges and Limitations 1.    Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term sustainability of SHGs can be challenging, particularly in areas with weak institutional support or where members lack financial literacy. 2.    Quality of Training: The effectiveness of SHGs in improving economic outcomes depends on the quality and relevance of the training and support they receive. 3.    Dependence on External Funding: Some SHGs rely heavily on external funding and support, which can be a limitation if such support is withdrawn. • Case Studies and Evidence 1.    India: The SHG-Bank Linkage Program (SBLP) in India is one of the largest microfinance programs in the world. Studies have shown that participants in SHGs have experienced significant improvements in income, savings, and overall economic security. 2.    Bangladesh: BRAC, one of the largest NGOs in Bangladesh, has successfully implemented SHGs as part of its rural development program, leading to measurable improvements in poverty reduction and women's empowerment. 3.    Africa: In countries like Kenya and Uganda, SHGs have played a crucial role in enhancing financial inclusion and supporting small-scale agricultural and business activities among the rural poor. •    SHG and Women Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as a powerful tool for women's empowerment, fostering social and economic development in communities. These grassroots organizations, typically composed of 10-20 women, provide a platform for members to pool resources, save money, and access microloans. By facilitating financial independence, SHGs enable women to start small businesses, improve their families' living standards, and gain a sense of agency. Additionally, SHGs often offer training and support in areas such as literacy, health, and vocational skills, further enhancing women's capabilities and confidence. Beyond economic benefits, SHGs play a crucial role in promoting social solidarity, providing a support network that helps women address issues like domestic violence and gender discrimination. Through collective action and mutual support, SHGs contribute significantly to the empowerment and upliftment of women, fostering inclusive growth and community resilience. •    Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 What is the co-relation between Self Help Groups and poor? Q.2 Discuss about the SHG and Women. 6.4 Importance of Training in the success of SHG Training is a critical component in the success of Self Help Groups (SHGs). Here are several key reasons why training is important for SHGs: 1.    Capacity Building Training enhances the capabilities of SHG members by providing them with the necessary skills and knowledge. This includes financial literacy, entrepreneurial skills, and management techniques. Well-trained members are better equipped to handle the group's activities effectively. 2.    Financial Management Effective training in financial management helps members understand budgeting, savings, credit management, and financial planning. This is crucial for the sustainability of SHGs, as financial mismanagement can lead to the failure of the group. 3.    Leadership and Governance Training programs often focus on leadership skills, conflict resolution, and group dynamics. Strong leadership and good governance are essential for the smooth functioning of SHGs, as they help in making informed decisions and maintaining group cohesion. 4.    Economic Empowerment Through training, SHG members can acquire skills for income-generating activities such as agriculture, handicrafts, or small-scale businesses. This economic empowerment helps improve their livelihoods and promotes self-sufficiency. 5.    Social Empowerment Training also addresses social issues, such as gender equality, health, education, and legal rights. Empowered members are more likely to participate actively in community development and advocate for their rights. 6.    Networking and Collaboration Training sessions often provide opportunities for SHG members to network with other groups, NGOs, and government agencies. These connections can lead to collaborative efforts, resource sharing, and better access to support services. 7.    Innovation and Adaptability Ongoing training ensures that SHG members stay updated with new technologies, market trends, and innovative practices. This adaptability is crucial for staying competitive and relevant in a changing economic landscape. 8.    Sustainability and Growth Training promotes the long-term sustainability and growth of SHGs by instilling best practices and encouraging continuous improvement. Well-trained groups are more likely to expand their activities, reach more members, and have a greater impact on the community. 9.    Monitoring and Evaluation Training in monitoring and evaluation helps SHG members track their progress, measure outcomes, and identify areas for improvement. This systematic approach to assessing performance is vital for achieving the group's objectives. 10.    Building Confidence and Motivation Training builds confidence among SHG members by equipping them with the skills to succeed. This increased confidence leads to greater motivation and commitment, fostering a positive and proactive group environment. • Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 What is the importance of training in the success of SHG? 6.5 Types of Training Programmes necessary in promoting SHGs Promoting Self Help Groups (SHGs) involves empowering members, typically in rural or underprivileged communities, to manage their groups and initiatives effectively. Here are various types of training programs that can be instrumental in this process: 1.    Capacity Building Training Leadership Training: Empowering members with leadership skills to guide and inspire the group. Team Building: Activities and workshops to foster teamwork and cooperation among members. Decision-Making Skills: Training on making informed and collective decisions. 2.    Financial Literacy Training Basic Accounting and Bookkeeping: Teaching members how to manage finances, keep records, and maintain transparency. Savings and Credit Management: Educating on the importance of savings, managing loans, and understanding interest rates. Budgeting and Financial Planning: Training on how to create and manage a budget effectively. 3.    Entrepreneurship and Business Development Business Planning: Guidance on developing viable business plans. Market Research: Training on understanding market needs, competition, and potential customers. Product Development: Workshops on creating and improving products or services. Sales and Marketing: Skills for promoting and selling products, including digital marketing strategies. 4.    Technical Skills Training Sector-Specific Skills: Training tailored to the group's focus area, such as agriculture, handicrafts, or manufacturing. Quality Control and Standards: Ensuring products meet certain standards for quality and safety. Innovation and Technology: Introduction to new technologies and innovative practices relevant to their sector. 5.    Legal and Regulatory Training Understanding Legal Frameworks: Education on relevant laws, rights, and regulations affecting SHGs. Compliance and Documentation: Training on maintaining compliance with legal requirements and proper documentation. 6.    Communication and Networking Effective Communication: Skills for clear and effective interpersonal and group communication. Networking: Building connections with other SHGs, NGOs, government bodies, and potential business partners. Advocacy and Representation: Training on advocating for group interests and representing the group in external forums. 7.    Digital Literacy Basic Computer Skills: Introduction to using computers and basic software. Internet and Email Use: Training on using the internet for information, communication, and business purposes. Digital Transactions: Educating members on conducting financial transactions online securely. 8.    Health and Hygiene Training Personal and Community Health: Education on maintaining health and hygiene practices. Sanitation: Importance of sanitation in homes and community settings. Nutrition: Training on proper nutrition and food safety. 9.    Social and Environmental Awareness Gender Sensitization: Workshops on gender equality and the empowerment of women. Environmental Conservation: Training on sustainable practices and environmental conservation. Social Responsibility: Encouraging involvement in community development and social welfare activities. 10.    Conflict Resolution and Management Conflict Resolution: Techniques for resolving disputes amicably within the group. Stress Management: Strategies for managing stress and maintaining mental health. • Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Discuss about the types of Training Programmes necessary in promoting SHGs. 6.6    Indicators of a Good SHG •    Homogeneous membership As far as possible, the membership of an SHG may comprise people from comparable socio- economic background. Though difficult to define in clear terms, a major indicator of homogeneity in membership is absence of conflicting interests among members. •    No discrimination There should not be any discrimination among members based oil caste, religion or political affiliations. •    Small membership Ideally, the group size may be between 15 and 20, so that the members are participative in all activities of the SHG. In a smaller group, members get opportunity to speak openly and freely. However, the membership may not be too small that its financial transactions turn out to be insignificant. •    Regular Attendance Total participation in regular group meetings lends strength to the effectiveness of SHGs, To achieve this, the SHGs should place strong emphasis on regular attendance in the group meetings. •    Transparency in functioning. It is important that all financial and non-financial transactions are transparent in an SHG. This promotes trust, mutual faith and confidence among its members. Maintenance of books of accountsas also other records like the minutes book, attendance register, etc., are important. •    Set of Byelaws The SHG may discuss and finalise a set of byelaws, indicating rules and regulations for the SHG’s functioning and also roles and responsibilities of members. It is better to have a written set of byelaws. The Self Help Promoting Institution (SHPI) and bank may guide the SHGs in this. •    Thrift The habit of thrift (small savings) is fundamental to the SHG and helps in building up a strong common fund. •    Utilising savings for loaning Once an SHGhas accumulatedsizeableamountintheformofsavingssayfora periodofabout 3- 6 months, the members may be allowed to avail loans against their savings for emergent consumption and supplementary income generating credit needs. •    Banks and SHG As soon as the SHG is formed and a couple of group meetings are held, an SHG can open a Savings Bank account with the nearest Commercial or Regional Rural Bank or a Cooperative Bank. This is essential to keep the thrift and other monies of the SHG safely and also to improve the transparency levels of SHG’s transactions. Opening of SB account, in fact, is the beginning of relationship between the bank and the SHG. The Reserve Bank of India has issued instructions to all banks permitting them to open SB accounts in the name of registered or unregistered SHGs. Self Check Exercise-4 Q.1 What are the indicators of a Good SHG? 6.7    Summary Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are community-based organizations that empower individuals, particularly women, by promoting savings, access to credit, and financial literacy. They typically consist of small groups who pool resources and provide mutual support. SHGs enhance economic development by enabling members to start small businesses, improve household incomes, and gain financial independence. In addition to economic benefits, SHGs foster social change by promoting collective decision-making, improving self-esteem, and addressing issues like health and education within communities. They often collaborate with government programs and NGOs, contributing to broader developmental goals such as poverty alleviation and gender equality. Overall, SHGs play a crucial role in sustainable development by encouraging self-reliance and community solidarity. 6.8    Glossary •    SHG : It is a small voluntary organisation of poor people preferably from same socio- economic background. •    Training : Training is imparted to the SHG’s people to familiar with the economic policies of the Government so that these SHGs may be benefited out of these policies. 6.9    Answer to Self Check ExercisesSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 6.2 Ans 2. Refer to section 6.2 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 6.3 Ans 2. Refer to section 6.3 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 6.4 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 6.5 Self-check Exercise-5 Ans 1. Refer to section 6.6 6.10    References/Suggested Readings 1)    Noor Jahan Bava (ed.)- “NGOs in Development, Theory and Practice.” Delhi, 1997. 2)    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/ 3)    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/ 4)    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development- goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_En glish&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9qd BhAOEiwAvxIok-OJyP- K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-poverty 5)    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ 6)    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles-And-Values.html 7)    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable-development-2627798 8)    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development-report- 2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20and %20120%20in%202021. 9)    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs 10)    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf 11)    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration 6.11    Terminal Questions Q1. Discuss the concept and objective of Self Help Group. Q2. How SHG are formed? Also explain the training techniques impart to the SHGs in India. UNIT -7 Non-Government Organizations (NGOs): Concept, Significance and Rationale, Procedure for registration of N.G.Os, Sources of NGO Funding, Internal Sources & External Sources Structure 7.1    Introduction 7.2    Learning Objective 7.3    Kinds of NGOs Functioning in India Self-Check Exercise-1 7.4    Role and Responsibilities of NGOs Self-Check Exercise-2 7.5    Procedure for NGO Registration Self-Check Exercise-3 7.6    Working of NGOs Self-Check Exercise-4 7.7    Sources of NGO Funding Self-Check Exercise-5 7.8    Summary 7.9    Glossary 7.10    Answer to Self Check Exercises 7.11    References/Suggested Readings 7.12    Terminal Question 7.1    Introduction An NGO or a non-governmental organization is a private institution and as its name suggests it is independent of the government. NGOs essentially are non-profit making and purely service-oriented organizations committed tu the development and welfare of the community. Some NGOs may be a group of volunieers helping to sustain individuals or families, while others may emphasize the empowerment of communities to bring about societal transformation or change. There are other terms such as Community Based Organizations (CBO), Non-profit organizations (NPO) or Voiuntary organizations (VO) which are frequently used to describe such organizations. In fact, these terms describe their functions more directly than “non-government.” For instance, from these names you can see that they take up co~nlnunity projects, they are voluntary and hence do not work for profit. The NGO community is quite a creative community! You will therefore see plenty of creativity in the names used. Take for instance DONG0 or GONGO. : DONG0 is Donor Organized Non-governmental Organization and GONGO: Government Organized NonGovernmental Organization. In this course we will utilize the word Non-Government Organization as this has become widely used in India. Whatever names you give to these organizations there are some elements that are common to their goal. One main element is that in principle they are not working for profit in a commercial sense nor are they necessarily working for high salaries or selfish agendas (most times!). Also, NGOs will not be working for the benefit of a single individual, family or a small group of individuals. They are normally concerned for the benefit of the whole community. That is why we see the words “community”, “non-profit” and “voluntary” in the terms used to describe such organizations. (a) Significance and Rationale of NGOs: •    They are private, i.e., separate from government •    They do not return profits generated to their owners or directors •    They are self-governing, i.e., not controlled by government •    They are registered organisations or informal groups, with clearly defined aims 7.2    Learning Objective: After going through this lesson the students will be able to know the •    Concept of NGOs •    Objectives of NGOs •    How to form NGOs •    Role of NGOs •    Sources of funding of NGOs 7.3    Kinds of NGOs Functioning in India •    Grassroots Organisations Many small NGOs work directly with tile community on the grassroots levels. These could be dealing with education, health, mother and child issues etc. There are many Mahila Mandals, Balwadis etc that will be working in a small way and receiving funds from thcis activities from government sources & ti~roligh other charities. Such organizatio~ls do not necessarily need to be operating in villages or slums, as same will be working in ~niddle class housing communities. Health and Education We will club these together as most NGOs working ill such fields of service will have areas of overlap. An educational NGO may be working in literacy, adult education or even at1 entire school for the poor. They will have a wide range of activities but will primarily be concerned to educate the masses to develop better attitudes and therefore better conditions for living. A health agency may be working in a rural area, but will use plenty of educational models to communicate basic health issues. Both education and health organisations are taking up AlDS and HIV projects as AIDS is not just a health problem; it is a social disease. Advocacy NGOs : An Introduction Advocacy is a term used to describe any organized activity on the behalfof an individual or the community especially the task of pleading or arguing for rights and privileges ofthe exploited or underprivileged. Such NGOs will speak out on issues of concern and mayeven conduct an intensive campaign to change laws or policies. The NGOs who work on advocacy or calnpaigning on issues or causes do not normally directly implement programmes. They are a group of experts in their areas along with legal and communication skills. Consultancy / Research organisations With the increasing challenges being faced by NGOs through globalization on the one side and increasing local socio-political factors there is need for advice from experts. Research & consultalicy organisations will assist NGOs right from the setting up to the implementation levels and then offer assistance in evaluation. Some NGOs like to alialyze their results using latest tools and these are useful in getting a picture of where we are in our progress. Training/Capacity Building Organisations In the NGO Sector, training is frequently being referred to as Capacity Build~ng. But capacity building is much more than training and includes human resource development, organizational development, the streamlining of management structures, processes and procedures for better result-oriented perforlnances etc. For an NGO, in its broadest interpretation, capacity buiIding looks at human resource development (HRD) as an essential part of development. Such functions are best performed by experts and some , NGO organisations are offering such expertise. Religious NGOs In India some of the earliest NGOs in the broad sense of the word were set LIP by Christian missionaries in the 1800s. They primarily took up educational and health projects such as schools and hospitals but also had some religious elements within their range of activities. Today Hindu and Muslim organisations are doing the same and many functioning successfully in amelioration of poverty and developing of communities. Large percentage of NGO funding from outside India goes to religious based organizations. While some look positively at religion or faith based organisations, others 11ke the Bill Gates Foundation will not give money to ally organization having a religious basis. A large number of NGOs in India have religious connections and operating effectively and efficiently. •    Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 Discuss about the Kinds of NGOs Functioning in India. 7.4    Role and Responsibilities of NGOs In the 8th plan (1992- 97) greater emphasis has been put on the role of voluntary organisations in rural development. The plan documents states ‘a nationwide network of NGOs will be created. In order to facilitate the working of this network, three schemes relating to the creation, replication, multiplication and consultancydevelopmenthavebeenworkedoutbythe Planning Commission. Efforts win be made to evolve a system for providing one window service to the NGOs working in the area of integrated development.” The success of rural development depends upon the active participation of the people through self- help organisations. The voluntary organizations involve people in the developmental process and relate themselves to working with people. They substantiate the efforts of Government with regard to provision of social welfare through rural development programme planned for this purpose. Voluntary agencies act as a watchdog of legitimate interest of women and guide and cultivate women panchstobringself-esteemandawarenessamongmenbecausethemisaneedtoimprovetheir economic status as poverty and economic dependence are the roots of their self degradation and crimes against them. NGOs also have role ill influencing local administration. In most of the developing countries redtapism and political interference restrict the access of Government services to the disadvantaged groups, here NGOs who represent rural poor can ensure greater responsiveness of local administration to their needs and aspirations. The crucial role -which only voluntary agencies can play is ‘that of a catalyst in the empowerment of the poor and the role of supplementing the Government efforts in the delivery of different services to the people. The role of voluntary organisation should be to enable the people to take rational decisions. They cannot help people by which a community undertakes to overhaul itself to achieve a given socio-economic goal by consciouslydiagnosing the problem and charting a course of action all by themselves to resolve those problems. It is said that voluntary organisations act as ‘creditors’, ‘preservers’ and ‘destroyers’ in the rural areas. Theycreateawarenessamongthe people, create livelihoodand opportunities for peoplewith their co- operation presence what is needful to their environment, appropriate technologies and scientific practices and destroy the evils like alcoholism and superstitions. Role of voluntary agencies mi be strengthened if some suggestions are kept in mind such as coordination among agencies, encouraging attitude bureaucracy. • Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 What is the role and responsibilities of NGOs? 7.5    Procedure for NGO Registration •    Select an Appropriate Name The very first while registering the Trust is to select an appropriate name for the trust. An applicant must take into consideration that the name so suggested should not come under the restricted list of names as per the provisions of the Emblems and Names Act, 1950. •    Drafting of Trust Deed For the purpose of Trust registration, the Trust deed should be drafted. A trust deed is a document that contains all the important information related to the registration and the deed must be present before the Registrar at the time of registration. •    Selecting Settlers and Trustees of the Trust The next step is to select the settlor and Trustees of the Trust. However, there is no specific provision with regards to the number of settlers/authors. Further, there must be a minimum of two trustees to form a Trust. •    Preparing Memorandum of Association For Trust registration it is important to formulate the Memorandum of Association as it represents the charter of the Trust. •    Paying the Requisite Fees The next step is to pay a requisite fee for Trust registration. •    Collection of a Copy of Trust Deed Once an applicant submits the papers; he/she can collect a certified copy of the Trust Deed within 1 week from the registrar’s office. •    Submission of the Trust Deed in Registrar After obtaining a certified copy of the Trust Deed, submit the same with the local registrar. The Trust deed shall be submitted along with properly attested photocopies. •    Obtain the Registration Certificate After submitting the Trust Deed with the registrar, the registrar keeps the photocopy and returns the original registered copy of the Trust Deed to the applicant, and also issues the certificate within seven working days. •    Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Discuss about the procedure for NGO Registration. 7.6    Working of NGOs NGOs Demonstrate a Sense of Commitment Most NGOs Have started by commitment of an individual or a group concerned to demonstrate this in action. Many times they are not experts but have a heart for helping. For instance CRY was founded by a 25 year airline purser and his seven friends with only Rs. 50 and a dining table. They chose not to be a grassroots-level implementing organization working directly with children. Instead, CRY became a link between individuals who could provide resources on the one hand, and the fieldworkers who were struggling to function for lack of funding. They identify people with similar commitment and strengthen their hands to accomplish tasks. You will see a commitment here that starts small and will soon find all else that is required to function effectively. NGOs Primarily Work with the Poor . There is wide recognition by governments and corporate bodies that NGOs have a significant role to play in working with the poor. With recent experiences they know that this is not just through giving aid but in assisting the poor to break out of their condition of poverty. The term "empowerment of the poor" is commonly utilized to describe the key to the transformation of the livelihood of these groups. We will study this concept later. . NGOs are Able to Reach Remote Areas of Need NGOs are often able to reach sections of rural populations that governments either neglect or do not target as a priority. Sadly, sometimes government agencies will claim to have conducted programmes in such remote areas but there is little to prove it. It is their commitment that takes them into remote rural areas to identify the poorest segments of communities, identifying those who face acute poverty. NGOs Possess First Hand Knowledge of Local Conditions Most NGOs, being grassroots level operations make efforts to know as much as possible about the local people and their conditions. This is not just the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the area but also the attitudes of the local people. They will also have som'e inside unwritten accounts of the experiences of the individuals, their fainilies and the whoie community. It is for this reason that the Jawaharlal Urban RenewalMission providing funds for state governmerlrs to engage in ~IUIII cleal.ances are advising NGOs the involvement ofNGOs as they know the local conditions. NGOs tiom the farget area can help provide baseline date and all kinds of information to help give a good start to a project and avoid any major obstacles to develop~nent. NGOs are Recognized for their Innovative Initiatives Most NGOs will take pride in the fact that they have innovative programmes to tackle development problems and issues. NGOs Depend on Donors for their Funding Most NGOs will depend on donors unless they liave been set LIP by their own founders fi~nd provisions. Some large companies are setting up their own NGO operations by channeling their Corporate Social Respo~~sibility funds. These are fi~nds that the company sets aside in a show of cotnmitment to the community. However, by and large, NGOs will seekvarious sources, including government grants to obtain their funding These could be individuals, groups, national and international service agencies, business houses, or charitable trusts specially set up to give donations • Self-Check Exercise-4 Q.1 Elaborate about the Working of NGOs. 7.7    Sources of NGO Funding To implement projects, non-profit organizations (NPOs) would first and foremost need funds. There are various methods and venues to acquire funds, thus, non-profits should be strategic in seeking approaches suitable to their needs and capabilities. Most if not all NPOs use more than one methodto acquire funds, although most of them focus on the ones where they can gain more. Listed beloware a few examples of the various methods an NPO can use to get started on their projects. Grants Normally, this is the first thing an NPO would aim for. Grant funding agencies who provide funding for non-profit organizations are the constant topics of research for non-profits. Applying for grants can be time-consuming and even stressful especially when denied. However, to continually fund many of their projects, grants are usually the biggest contributors. Apart from being the biggest contributors, applying for a grant, even in the event of rejection, really helps non-profits grow as an organization. The time dedicated to planning or organizing proposals can only help implement them more surely, whether they receive grants or not. Cash donations One of the easiest ways to acquire funds would be through the donations some individuals or organizations give in cash. Sometimes, during an event, or even in the NPOs office, interested parties would hand over their donations. Although this is an effective and relatively easy way to find capital, most non-profits don't and shouldn't really rely on this method. Although they're not relied upon, cash donations are still highly anticipated by non-profits as it often provides a huge relief to struggling organizations. Contributions Cash donations may sound great but incur the problem that they aren't binding and constant. On the other hand, contributions may be. Partnering with organizations will often affect them providing annual contributions to particular NPOs. Contributions are usually given in large amount by board members of partner organizations. Although not required, it is often times seen as common courtesy. Membership Dues Because acquiring grants on a regular basis can be challenging, some NPOs have formed memberships with large corporations who in turn will need to pay a certain fee known as their membership dues. These members are not only beneficial because of the dues they pay, as they're also often partner institutions for many projects. Members also help NPOs become more known to the public through their partnership with big corporations, and in effect will give NPOs the capacity to receive more donations as well. Investment income Investment income, when used and managed properly, can be beneficial to anyone, NPOs included. Investments can come from bank loans, the stock market, and many others. Although beneficial, investment incomes can be quite risky and incur losses as well. Creating accounts and leaving money in the bank to grow, although can be unsafe, is considerably the venue where there aren't as many risks. But that practice isn't very often done as the growing process takes really long and does not really earn a desirable amount. Investing in the stock market is often done but can incur losses as well because assurance isn't something this particular practice can provide. Fundraising campaigns Fundraising campaigns can be done through various methods. It can be through a booth, social media campaigns, and partnerships, among others. Booths can be out up in malls, offices, and even in partnership with some events where people can hand in their respective donations after learning about the organization. Another method of fund-raising could be by hosting events. Mostly, profits from the sale of tickets or other items will go directly to a project organized by NPOs. Crowdfunding In recent years, NPOs have been using social media as a form of raising funds. Websites like GoFundMe have gained popularity where users can read about NPOs, their advocacies, and projects. Through that, they can donate funds through the internet. Of all the examples given for fundraising campaigns, the use of social media is the method used by majority given that it comes with little to no cost to the organization, and yet can deliver effective results. Matching grants Matching grants have been reoccurring in many funding sources for non-profit organizations. Although not known to many who aren't involved in raising funds, this practice has been proven to be effective. Basically, a grant funding agency will only approve a grant if an NPO can prove themselves capable of maintaining the projects to be funded. To prove themselves, NPOs will need to raise the same amount of money being offered by the grant funding agency. This way, after the initial stages of the project, have been fulfilled, there are enough funds to maintain them. This type of grant is meant for long-term projects that will continually be monitored. An NPO would preferably not want to go through this process and just receive full funds. Loan Financing Because grant receiving funds from grant-funding agencies can be challenging, NPOs have discovered and have been using loan financing as a method to receive capital. Loan financing is often easier and a lot quicker to receive, but come with greater risks. It has to be remembered that a loan needs to be repaid. NPOs who have the capacity to pay their debts after a period of time can benefit from this but is not suggested for those who may be unsure. • Self Check Exercise-5 Q.1 What are the sources of NGOs Funding? 7.8    Summary In India, NGOs are essential for addressing various social and developmental challenges. They play a crucial role in poverty alleviation by providing basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare to the underprivileged. In the education sector, NGOs work to improve literacy rates and support underprivileged children, ensuring access to quality education. They also offer vital healthcare services, raise awareness about health issues, and support initiatives to combat diseases. Advocating for the rights of marginalized groups, such as women, children, and minorities, NGOs strive to ensure inclusion and equality. They are also instrumental in promoting environmental conservation, advocating for sustainable practices, and addressing climate change. During natural disasters, NGOs provide emergency assistance and support rehabilitation efforts. By promoting good governance, transparency, accountability, and democratic processes, they contribute to a more just society. NGOs are involved in service delivery, offering essential services in underserved areas, and advocacy, campaigning for policy changes and raising awareness on critical issues. They focus on capacity building, enhancing the skills and capabilities of individuals and communities to become self-reliant. Through research and innovation, NGOs identify social issues and develop solutions to address them. Community mobilization is another key role, encouraging collective action to solve local problems. Additionally, NGOs collaborate with governments, international organizations, and other stakeholders to achieve development goals. In summary, NGOs in India bridge gaps where government interventions are insufficient, drive social change, and promote inclusive and sustainable development. 7.9    Glossary •    Public Enterprise             : It mean state ownership and state operation of industrial, agricultural, financial and commercial undertaking. •    Forms of Public Undertaking : Main forms are as- Department Organisation, Government Companies, Public Corporations and Public Trusts. •    NGO                       : Non Governmental Organisation works under the preview of the Government. 7.10    Answer to Self Check Exercises Self-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 7.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 7.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 7.6 Self-check Exercise-5 Ans 1. Refer to section 7.7 7.11    References/Suggested Readings 1    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/ 2    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/ 3    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development- goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English &utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9qdBhAOEiw AvxIok-OJyP- K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-poverty 4    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ 5    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles-And-Values.html 6    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable-development-2627798 7    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development-report- 2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20and%201 20%20in%202021. 8    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs 9 https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf 10 https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration 7.12 Terminal Question Q1. Describe the need and role of NGOs in India. UNIT -8 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN DEVELOPMENT Structure 8.1    Introduction 8.2    Learning Objective 8.3    Meaning Self-Check Exercise-1 8.4    Initiative taken to facilitate private sector investment Self-Check Exercise-2 8.5    Essential for the success of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Self-Check Exercise-3 8.6    Limitations andActions Self-Check Exercise-4 8.7    Suggestions: Regular monitoring Self-Check Exercise-5 8.8    Summary 8.9    Glossary 8.10    Answer to Self Check Exercises 8.11    References/Suggested Readings 8.12    Terminal Questions 8.1    Introduction In a liberalized economy and a knowledge society, the archaic structure of Government has to necessarily undergo a change for the better. The organisations have to become lean and mean. The staff has to become responsive and accountable. The institutions have to justify their existence by being result-oriented, customer-centric and transparent in approach. Words like cost cutting, downsizing or disinvestment, etc. are catching up but with lot of resentment and hostility arising within the affected organization. These negative responses take the process of change, two steps backward. Hence, there is a need for internalization of progressive goals of each organization by each member and fulfillmentof these objectives with cost and time over runs. It has been rightly said that India does not suffer from resource problem in order to overcome its socio-economic ills, instead it is the management of the available resources which is the crux of the issue. The Public expects services to meet their demands in terms of quality, accuracy, timeliness, user formalism people can no longer tolerate delays, bureaucratic mistakes or excessively time consuming and difficult procedures after waiting for more than half a century since India’s independence. It is generally agreed by all the concerned that the new policies of economic reforms, liberalization, privatization and globalization would require massive changes in the functioning of Government and its methodologyto cope with the changed environment. The prevailing administrative set-up in the developing countries is in a state of crisis. Its design and methods are inadequate and outworn. There is a need to design an integrated management system which may cover the planning of work programmes, budget preparation, resource programming, reviewing and evaluating results and definitions of programmes and aims. Besides, obsolete methods of work must be improved or replaced. Our experience during the last three decades has demonstrated that-the development plans have not been satisfactorily implemented because of inadequate administrative performance resulting from out-dated administrative system entailing organisational defects, lack of co-ordination, complex and cumbersome administrative and financial procedures, etc. These defects and deficiencies need to be corrected in order to bring about a sharp reduction in the administrative obstacles to development to bridge the gap between aspirations and performance. Andrew Mariadoss Packajraj in his article “Administration that Delights the People” in MIG, July to Sept. 2000, rightly mentioned that People in India now expect the Governments in India to PEFORM. They are disenchanted with hollow promises, speeches, rhetorics and eloquent repertoires. Theydon’t just desire effective and responsive Governments but they demand a Government that meets their aspirations. “It is for the Government to be effective and responsive in their (Govt.’s), own interest, otherwise they will be thrown out for falling short of people’s expectations. The three most vital players in the arena are the Elected Ruling Government, the Appointed Administrative Machinery and the Demanding Public (While the ultimate responsibility and answerability/ accountability rests with the first component, the actual job of delivering results rests on the administrative machinery. It is, in the ultimate analysis a joint team effort of the three but any weak link can jeopardise the outcome and efforts of any other. Ideals of the Welfare State viz. progress, -prosperity and protection to the common man, can be secured only through impartial, honest and efficient administration. In the words of Prof. Charles Bernard, “Thefuture of civilized Governmenteind even, I think of civilization itself rests uponourability to develop a science, philosophy and a practice of administration, competent to discharge the functions of civilized society.” Thus, there is a need that Public Administration must be modernized, i.e. recreated, renewed and revitalized to produce the predesigned changes and output necessaryto provide goods and services to the people at the minimum cost. This needs a different trend and magnitude ofAdministrative Management, culture and capability. We are living in a period of momentous changes, which have far-reaching Implications for not onlythe world- at-large, but specifically for the developing countries. Sinceadministrative capacityof Government is not ableto provide qualityservices in the area of globalization liberalization and privatization; it was thought fifty to experiment with Public-Private Participation. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) has been adopted in most of the countries of the world with some variations, suitable to their country. Earlier, we have either Public Enterprises, private enterprises, mixed economy, joint sector which were used for development of the country. However, PPPin recent times has gained momentum due to the following reasons. 1.    Increasing demands of civil society for quality infrastructure like roads, railway’s, bridges, etc. 2.    Shortage of finances with the government. 3.    Paucity of expertise with the government. 4.    Lack of flexibility and autonomy in Government run enterprises. 5.    Privateinitiativelyingidle. 6.    Lack of administrative reforms to weed out procedures which cause delays, irritation and make the workdull. 7.    Advent of the era of liberalization, privatization, and globalization since the post-1991 period. 8.2    Learning Objectives: After going through this lesson the student will be able to know •    Concept of PPP •    Need of Private Sector Investment •    CSR and Private Sector •    Role of Private Sector in the Economic development of the Country 8.3    Meaning PPP is a mode of implementing Government pogarmmes or schemes in partnership with private sector. Itis essentially a cooperative endeavour between public and private sectors to restructure theprovision ofpublicservicesformakingthemmoreefficient. It is alegal contractualarrangementin which the public and private sectors share equity, investment, finance, risk, responsibility and profits in the venture. Withthe advent of Public Choice Theory, the criteria of efficiency and economy, decentralisation and participation requires the monolithic state to shed non-sovereign and non-strategic activities to non-state agencies. PPP can be seen as a broad spectrum of cooperation between public and private sectors with varying percentages of participation with one end being Government monopoly and other end outright privatization. PPP has been widely recognized as the institutional innovation mechanism to facilitate the private sectors efficiencies in public services and government-run programmes. It enables a win-win wm situation for all stakeholders and blends public objectives with marketability and profitability. The advantage that PPP projectshave is that they can incorporatea social focuswithoutaffectingtheeconomic viability and efficiency of the project. PPPs have been successfully structured and applied in the last decade, to the infrastructure sector and have typically followed the B-O-T (Build-Operate- Transfer) model and its variants. The lessons learnt from these successes have set the foundation for the adaptation and application of the PPP model to other sectors. To make PPP model viable and sustainable, the Government will have to continue to safeguard public interest andmonitorthe performance of privatesector generallyandprivatized undertakings in particular. The determination and commitment of Government will have to be match readiness and cooperation from the private sector. “The interaction between Government and the private sector will have to be transformed into “smart partnership” of co-operation and complementarily that emphasises with situations. The drive towards diversified growth must be led by the priv.ate sector, which is expected to display the qualities of good corporate citizenship including the promotion of citizen empowerment. The public sector will have to progressively diminish its role in the provision of marketable goods and services and will rather seek to facilitate and, where necessary, regulate the operation of business by the private sector. The Government must ensure that privatisation should not lead Government to curtail any of its core responsibilities which include good governance, safety and welfare of its citizens. The process must be carried out with a human face and efforts be made to safeguard national interests. It is hoped that a healthy public-private partnership shall foster inclusive growth and social empowerment besides contributing to improved service deliveryand good governance. Experiences with reforms have unmistakably revealed that market failures do exist along with Government failures, especially in the provision of public services. The reform programme witnessed a paradigm shift in the role of the state. For the first time in the history of post-colonial India, there was a conscious retreat of the state based on the acknowledgement of its apparent economic and development failure, also of the fact that it was not doing its business well and that there were other ways of doing business. In thiscontext, thereformswere at crucialjuncturein India’s economic trajectory of the changes that were to follow, both in what were to be the economic goals of thepostreformstate, and how thesegoals were tobe achieved. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) could be a way to utilise the best of both worlds, while overcoming the specific weaknesses of each. So the new public management becomes a factor to reckon with and it is now an accepted principle throughoutthe world. Of the essential characteristics of PPP, one is making Government functions more ready-to-face market tests, such as contracting out in an attempt towards reducing Government functionsthroughprivatisationand otherformsof contracting. In theorythe proposedchangeswillresult in a consumer-employed, competitive and market-oriented Government that will reduce regulations, create revenue through fees and charges and concentrate on the decentralisation of authority, the privatisation of management and improvement of qualityof public services Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is essentially a collaboration between the Government and the private sector to create a structure in which improved value for money can be achieved through the involvement of private sector. So, it does not undermine the governments’ overall responsibilityto the taxpayer for the qualityof the services provided to them. But, it emphasizes on the role of Government from direct service provider to management and coordination of services on the pattern suggested by the new public management (NPM) theory. So,PPP is a system in which a Government service or private business venture is funded and operated through a partnership of Government and one or more private sector companies. Itis important to mention the difference between PPP and privatisation. The responsibility for providing services rests under PPP with the Government but in privatisation responsibility for deliveryand funding a particular service rest with the private sector. In case of ownership rights public sector is the legal owner of PPP projects but in privatisation the private sector is the owner of associated benefits and costs as well. The nature and scope of service is contractually determined between the two parties in PPP but it is determined by the private provider in privatisation. The risks and rewards are shared between the public and the private sector under PPP but in privatisation all the risks and rewards involved in the business rest with the private sector? For the economy to grow at 9% per annum over the Eleventh Plan period, it is targeted to increase the GCF in the infrastructure from 5% of GDP at the start of the Tenth Plan to around 9% at the end of the Eleventh Plan. For this to be achieved, private sector participation in a big way is imperative. The areas identified for private sector participation include new manufacturing units, multi-modal logistics parks, construction of high-speed passenger corridors, induction of privatelyownedrolling stock of container operators, commercial development of land and air spaces, port connectivityworks of the private ports, ore lines for steel plants, upgradation of major freight and passenger terminals, construction of road over bridges (RGBs), and railway OFC network? • Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 What is the meaning of Public Private Partnership model PPP? 8.4    Initiatives Taken To Facilitate Private Sector Investment •    In order to maximize the volume of investments in the road sector, given the limited availability of public resources or the need to use them for development of roads in backward/remote areas, it has been decided that all the sub- projects in NHDP phase III to Phase VII would be taken up on the basis of PPP on BOT mode. •    The Government has announced several incentives such as tax exemptions and dutyfree import of road-building equipment and machinery to encourage private sector participation. •    The MCA for NHs, which was approved by Col in 2005, has now been adopted for implementation of PPP projects by Ministry’ of Shipping, Road Transport, and Highways (MoSRTH)/NHAI; the MCA for SHs has been published by the Planning Commission. •    A review of tolling policy in respect of NHs has been concluded and the report, once finalized, would serve to impart greater certainty in revenue projections for concessionaires. •    Manuals of Standards and Specifications for four-Ianing and six-laning of NHs through PPPs are under finalization by DoRTH. Adoption of these manuals would reduce project preparation time as project specific manuals would no longer be needed. •    The substantial completion of NHDP Phase I, that is GQ, has called for a shift in emphasis to corridor management so as to deliver maximum throughput in terms of speed and traffic volume, while minimizing operational cost and enhancing road safety. In this regard, an MCA for O&M of Highways has been published by the Planning Commission. Almost all State Governments have facilitated entry of private sector in providing passenger transport services to ease pressure on the public sector. As on 31 March 2004 the share of private buses was 85%. Private bus operators have, however, exhibited deplorable quality of service, with disregard to traffic rules, unsafe driving practices, unscheduled operation, and usage of irrational cost cutting measures and tax evasion. The private sector has also adversely affected the performance of public sector by resorting to unfair competition. A prerequisite is, therefore, to strictly enforce rules, for which specially designated regulatory bodies need to be set-up, with powers to laydown minimum basic service standards, impose heavyfines, suspend or even cancel licenses, and launch and pursue prosecutions for accidents vigorously. The Government has put in place a scheme for private participation in major ports mainly in container terminals, specialized cargo berths, warehousing/storage facilities, etc. on BOT basis with a concession period not exceeding 30 years. The scheme also includes formation of joint venture by the ports with the private operators selected on the basis of competitive bidding. The scheme did not take off as expected during the Tenth Plan. Necessary policy initiatives in respect of management control, etc., are required to be evolved for facilitating the formation of joint ventures. In case of nonmajorports, the VGP scheme of the GOIwill have to be made compatiblewith therequirementsand the operational imperatives of the sector so as to enable the non-major ports to access these funds. During the Tenth Plan period, private sector schemes costing Rs. 11,257 crore were identified, eight schemes costing Rs. 2435 crore have been completed with incremental capacity addition of 44.40 million mt, another six schemes costing Rs. 3818 crore have already been aw’arded to private operators which are expected to create an additional capacity of 45.50 million mt.’ It may be mentioned that PPP does not reduce responsibility and accountability of the government. The Government remains accountable for service, quality, price certainty and costeffectiveness; in fact the role of Government gets redefined as one of facilitator, and enabler, while private sector plays the role of financier, builder and operator of service. Under PPP approach, the skills, expertise and experience of both publicand privatesector get combinedto deliverhigherstandard service to the consumers. The public sector contributes assurance in terms of stable governance, citizens’ support, financing and also assumes social, environmentalandpoliticalrisks. Theprivatesector brings along operational efficiencies, innovative technologies, managerial effectiveness, access to additional finances, and bears construction, commercial and operational risk of the project. In fact PPP approach is not new, it was followed a few centuries ago in different countries for development of infrastructure and social services. • Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 What are the initiatives taken to facilitate private sector investment? 8.5    Essentials For The Success Of Public-Private Partnership (PPP)1.    Sincerity of the Private Sector Private sector has been generally interested in profit making without having any consideration to quality and needs of the people. The profit motive makes the private sector use inferior quality of material and low wages to the persons employed causing great risks to the citizens of the country. The first and foremost criteria on which PPP model can work is the sincere and right attitude of private sector. They must be sincere to their work while earning a reasonable profit. 2.    Honesty and Integrity of Government Officials Entrusting Projects to Private Sector It has been generally seen that politicians and bureaucrats indulge in corrupt practices and ask the private sector to pay them under the table amount mutually agreed upon. From where the private sector would compensate this money. The only solution is to decrease quality at the cost of corrupt practices endangering life of the citizens Good governance demands transparency, integrityand citizen ‘centric approach’. T.N. Chaturvedi in his Editorial on the Special Number on Ethics in Public life of the Indian Journal of Public Administration (July-Sept., 1995) has rightlyremarked: “The potentialdamage and threat to the political fabric of a system is not dependent on the character of government, i.e. whether it is an activist or limited in scope. History shows that neither a capitalist nor a socialist nor a welfare state is immune to the corrosive evil of corruption. The standards of conduct and behaviour of people in political authorityhave their malignant influence in other walks of life in society. The ethical dimensions of how influential and powerful people conduct themselves in private life and the public domain set a precedent for the lesser human beings and groups in society to follow or to seek justification for their own self-seeking or even scandalous conduct. The perniciousness ripple-effect encompasses all segments of society. It is not only the public systems that are under attack. The people harbour grievances against trade, industry, business, academia, medical and other professional groups and organizations. The evil within and outside the Government circle, is thus, not limited to any narrow confines. Similarly, the influence of ethical conduct in positive terms is also not contained or concerned with onlysome specific sections and select groups but is relevant to the entirety of societyand its wider network of relationships. As is often said, the moral basis for the unity and stability of society demandsthatethicalrestraintsmustoperatenotonlyin respect of individualsbutalsoorganizedgroups-be they industrial, business and trade associations, labour unions, political parties, military and civil services, judiciary, non governmental organizations, academic or professional associations, agriculturists organisations, etc. apart from Government itself. The all-pervading and inter-locking nature of ethics in public life is to be comprehended in all its manifestations and dimensions. This is borne out by history in different times and ages and also by the prowess of civilization today. The scandals and cases of corruption, kickbacks, bribery, extortions, lying and deception by Government all over the world, in both developed and developing countries at different times, are too many and too well- known to need any enumeration. In the wake of many cases of nepotism, influence peddling, corporate bribery, corruption, illicit Operations, business malpractices, and unhealthy nexusbetweenpolitics, administration and business coming of public notice at the time of the World War II, the US Senate set up a sub-committee under Senator Paul Doughlas, which submitted its report, commonlyknown as the Report on Ethical Standards in Government. Thisattractedattentionalloverthe world and the various nuances of ethics in governance were discussed, researched and commented upon in various forums. Moral values, in simple terms, are the values that tell us what is the right, proper and acceptable way of behaving. Moral values are indispensable for good governance. An efficient and technologicallysound administrativemachinery, unless it stands on high moral pedestal, does not serve the public, but it services a self-perpetuating and exploitative system. Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in its judgment in the case of Vineet Narain vs. Union of India (AIR 1998 SC 889), stated that: “Theseprinciples of publiclifeare of generalapplication in everydemocracy.Andone is expected to bear them in mind while scrutinizing conduct of everyholder of a public office. It is trite that the holder of the public offices are entrusted with certain powers to be exercised is public interest alone and, therefore, the office is held by them in trust for the people. Anydeviation from the path of rectitude by any of themamounts to a breach of that and must be severely dealt with instead of being pushed under the carpet. If the conduct amounts to an offence, it must be promptly investigated and the offender against whom a prima facie case is made out should be prosecuted expeditiously so that the majesty of law is upheld and the rule of law vindicated, the adverse impact of lack of probity in public life leading to a high degree of corruption is manifold. It also has adverse effect on foreign investment and funding from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank who have warned that future aid to under-developed countries may be subject to the requisite steps being taken to eradicate corruption, which prevents international aid from reaching those for whom it is meant. In the case of Stateof Assamvs. P.C. Mishra (AIR 1966 SC 430) the Supreme Court stated that “It is incumbent for each occupant of every high office to be constantly aware that the power invested in the high office he holds is meant to be exercised in public interest and onlyfor public good, and that it is not meant to be used for personal benefit or merely to elevate the personal status of the current holder of that office. Constantawareness of the nature of this power and thepurpose for which it is meant would prevent situations leading to clash of egos and the resultant fall out detrimental to public interest. His Excellency the Governor of Karnataka on the Republic Day, 26th January 2007, address said, “Corruption is not merely a dirty word. It describes a dirty act. We need to have a policy of zero tolerance towards all acts of corruption. We need to assert that there is no difference between a small act of corruption and major instances of malfeasance. There is no such thing as petty corruption-there is corruption, per se. It is necessary to strike at the very roots of corruption, for if we allow its tentacles to grow we will be firmly in its grip, with no way out. This is a very real danger. Corruption in any walk of life can corrode, decay and annihilate our democratic system. We can ignore or minimize its evil effects at our own risk. Corruption and un-refuted allegations of misuse of power for self and pelf do shake the faith of ordinary citizens in our democratic system. Lord Nolan has mentioned that public officials must possess selflessness, integrity, accountability openness, honesty and leadership to serve public. 3.    Providing Facilities to Private Sector All the facilities as agreed upon must be supplied to the private sector so that the work can be completed in time. It has been seen that Government creates delays and harassment to private sector affecting the completion of projects. 4.    Fair Practices by Private Sector •    Business must maintain highest standards of behaviour so that their actions and decisions result in the benefits for industry, employees, customers, shareholders and society. •    Good and Service must conform to the commitment promised to customers. Business must be realistic and truthful in stating claims. •    Customers must be given best possible service and treated with respect and fairness. •    Best way of promoting high standards of business practices is through self -regulation. The Code has been designed as an instrument of self-regulation to serve as voluntary guidelines towards better quality -of life and higher standards of business practices. 5.    Mutual Trust For the success of PPPs, conducive and workable environment is required. It also requires improved attitudes and mutual trust; transparent and accountable management and financial systems; structural adjustment to ensure quality; effective coordination among the partners and other institutions/agencies; requisite legal support; strong political and administrative commitments; strict adherence to prescribed and agreed norms and standards; appropriate policy for capacity building; and mechanisms of regular and effective monitoring and evaluation. If necessary changes are made to expedite the on-going process of PPPs, the desired results can be achieved within specified time frame. 6.    Accountability Public or private sector cannot manage funds in investment without having strong accountability mechanisms in place. People need to know that they are getting value for their money and that their taxes/ fees/duties are being administered with probity and distributed fairly. One of the priorities of the national policy/planningandeachcommitteeistoensurethatregularaudittakesplace foranypartnershipbetween public and private sector. Aprivate contractor/organisation/institution that hopes to succeed and establish a reputation for effective delivery of service must be accountable to its public sector partner(s) and to the public at large. It is accepted that “retaining the publicness of a PPP is essential in order to provide democratic steering and societal accountability for its delivery of public policygoals.” Accountabilityholds the keyto successful involvementof citizens and. the private sector. 7.    Strategic Planning byGovernment Strategic planning and management by Government is essential to that PPPs can succeed and they should be managed by expert teams. Governments also need to use technical and financial advisors, where needed, to match the advantages of the private sector, particularly in large scale programme. Project development needs to be done by government, and it needs to invest in it by creating dedicated funds. Self Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Discuss the essentials for success of Public Private Partnership (PPP). 8.6    Limitations and Actions Government of India has introduced several innovative Schemes aimed at promoting PPPs. Whereas to attract the private sector, commerciallyviableprojects shouldbe on offer and to inculcate the discipline of ‘user pay principle’ and provision of these services should be based on payment of tariff. Government must also fulfill its commitment towards inclusive growth which makes it obligatoryto fix the tariffs based on the capacity of the common man to pay. Due diligence is also essential given the substantial contingent liability that could devolve on the State in such projects. While encouraging PPPs, six consonants have been identified; •    Policy and regulatory’ gaps, specially relating to specific sector policies and regulations; •    Inadequate availability of long-term finance (10 year plus tenor)-both equity and debt; •    Inadequate capacity in public institutions and public officials to manage PPP processes; •    Inadequate capacity in the private sector-both in the form of developer/investor and technical manpower; •    Inadequate shelf of bankable infrastructure projects that can be bid out to the private sector, and •    Inadequate advocacy to create greater acceptance of PPPs by the public. Toaddress theseconstraints, severalinitiativeshavebeentakenby Government of Indiato create an enabling framework for PPPs by addressing issues relating to policy and regulatory environment. Progressively more sectors have been opened to private and foreign investment, levyof user charges is being promoted, regulatory institutions are being set-up and strengthened, fiscal incentives are given to infrastructure projects, standardised contractual documents including the Model Concession Agreement are being notified, approval mechanism for PPPs in the Central sector has been streamlined through settingup of PPPACand a website exclusivelydevoted to PPPs has been launched to serve as a virtual market place for PPP projects. • Self-Check Exercise-4 Q.1 What are the limitations and challenges in promoting Public Private Partnership (PPP)? 8.7 Suggestions; Regular Monitoring 1)    There is a need of regular monitoring of physical, financial and quality measures by Government duringtheprocessof implementationandcompletionto ensurehighquality performance. 2)    Ensuring quantity and quantity of materials-Private business entrepreneurs generally indulge in unethical practices causing a great harm to development programme. This is evident from dailynewspapersexposingscandalsbyprivatebusinessman in collaboration with Government functionaries. 3)    Choice of private businessmen-Private businessmen must be selected on the basis of his reputation, previousrecord and reliability. 4)    Strict Action against corrupt officials-Strict action against Government functionaries indulging in collusionwith privatebusinessmen. Exemplarypunishment must be given to Government functionaries who were entrusted the task of supervision, who instead indulged in corrupt practices. 5)    Heavy penalties need be imposed for any malpractices-Government must provide for heavy penalties in the contract for any development work if they violate any of the clause of the contract affecting the quality of development programme. 6)    Strict observance of administrative ethics-Politicians and bureaucrats must follow the conduct rules in letter and spirit to ensure the success of developing programmes. Inspite of Public-Private Participation, the Government have to keep its administrative system in perfect order to take full benefits of Public-Private Partnership otherwise private people may not give the desired results. David Osborne and Tech Gabler have suggested the following responsibilities of Public Administration to fulfill its role. 1.    Crusading reformer, intent on transforming some aspect of community life according to preconceived notions of the ideal society. 2.    Proactive policy formulator, ready with possible strategies to meet the unknown; 3.    Social change-agent, ready to accept new ideals and push others into accepting them also; 4.    Crisis manager, slow to bum’out but quick to react and brilliant at immediate improvisation; 5.    Dynamicprogrammemanager, able to show new courses and adapts on-going arrangements; 6.    Humanitarian employer, treating staff with respect and meeting out even- handed justice; 7.    Political campaigner, responsive to public needs and champion of public causes; 8.    Competent administrator, ensuring effective performance with minimum political embarrassment; 9.    Interestbroker, choosingamongcompetinginterestsandreconcilingallparties to the outcome; 10.    Public relations expert, adept at building up support, showing his area to advantage; 11.    Speedydecision-maker, oriented to assume responsibilityand clear instructions; 12.    Constructive thinker, rot easilyled astraybyothers who would want to make up his mind for him; and 13.    Optimistic leader, not easily discouraged in adversity, but able to command attention and stimulatesubordinates. Thus, there is a need to introduce desired improvements and reforms in administration to ensure social change and modernization. We must keep an eye on the outcome of Public-Private Partnership to take care of the following aspects We need to take care of the following aspects to promote Public-Private Partnership : 1.    A closer focus on results in terms of efficiency and effectiveness, and service quality; 2.    The replacement of highly centralised hierarchical organisational structures with decentralised management environments, where decisions on resource allocation and restgroups; 3.    Flexibility to explore alternatives to direct public provision, which might provide more r cost- effective policyoutcomes; 4.    New personnel management policies to provide greater flexibility in the deployment ofi staff (.e.g., throughmultiskilling); e 5.    The use of mechanisms to improve performance such as performance contracting and e the creation of competitive market environment within and among public sector organisations; 6.    Incentives to improve performance (or at least removing disincentives) through enabling organisations to retain a portion of savings from improved performance; 7.    The strengtheningof strategic capacities at the centre to “steer” Government to respond to external changes and diverse interests quickly, flexibly and at least cost; and 8.    Greater accountability and transparency through requirements to report on results? • Self-Check Exercise-5 Q.1 Discuss the suggestions and monitoring in Public Private Partnerships. 8.8    Summary Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a crucial role in development by leveraging the strengths of both the public and private sectors. They are instrumental in infrastructure development, enabling the construction and maintenance of essential projects such as roads, bridges, hospitals, and schools, which improve public services and facilities. By incorporating private sector expertise, PPPs introduce efficiency, innovation, and advanced technology into public projects, resulting in higher quality and more cost-effective solutions. These partnerships also distribute risks between the public and private sectors, reducing the financial burden on the government and attracting private investment. PPPs stimulate economic growth by creating jobs, boosting local businesses, and attracting further investments, while also enhancing the delivery of public services, ensuring higher standards, better management, and increased accessibility for citizens. Furthermore, PPPs provide additional financial resources for large-scale projects, alleviating budget constraints and reducing the need for public funding. In summary, PPPs are pivotal in driving infrastructure development, improving efficiency and innovation, sharing risks, fostering economic growth, enhancing public services, and providing necessary financial resources. 8.9    Glossary •    PPP         : It is a mode of implementing Government programme is partnership with private sector. Itis essentially a cooperative Endeavour between public and private sector to restructure the provision of public service for making them more efficient. •    Accountability: Public or private sector cannot manage funds in investment without having strong control or accountability mechanism in place. People need to knowthat they are getting value for their money. 8.10    Answer to Self Check Exercises Self-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 8.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 8.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 8.5 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 8.6 Self-check Exercise-5 Ans 1. Refer to section 8.7 8.11    References/Suggested Readings 1.    S.R. Maheshwari “Indian Administration.” Agra: Lakshmi Narain Aggarwal 2003 2.    R.K. Sapru “DevelopmentAdministration” Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002 3.    R.D. Sharma “Development Administration in India” R. D. Sharma. MittalPublications, 2000 3.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/ 4.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/ 5.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development- goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSear ch_Br and_English&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gcl id=CjwKCAiAh9qdBhAOEiwAvxIok-OJyP- K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD _BwE #no-poverty 6.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ 7.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,- Guiding- Principles-And-Values.html 8.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for- sustainable-development-2627798 9.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global- sustainable- development-report- 2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development, 2020 %20and%20120%20in%202021. 10.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs 11.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf 12.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration 8.12 Terminal Questions 1.    What do you know by the concept of PPP? What are the pre-requisites for the success of PPP? 2.    What type of steps can be taken to facilitate PPP? UNIT-9 Development Schemes: MGNREGS, Swachh Bharat Mission AtamNirbhar Bharat Mission, Digital India and Skill India. Structure 9.1    Introduction 9.2    Learning Objective 9.3    Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 Self-Check Exercise-1 9.4    Swachh Bharat Mission Self-Check Exercise-2 9.5    Atam Nirbhar Bharat Mission Self-Check Exercise-3 9.6    Digital India and Skill India Self-Check Exercise-4 9.7    Summary 9.8    Glossary 9.9    Answer to Self-Check Exercise 9.10    References/Suggested Readings 9.11 Terminal Questions 9.1    Introduction A development plan sets out a local authority's policies and proposals for land use in their area. The term is usually used in the United Kingdom. A local plan is one type of development plan. The development plan guides and shapes day-to-day decisions as to whether or not planning permission should be granted, under the system known as development control (development management in Scotland). In order to ensure that these decisions are rational and consistent, they must be considered against the development plan adopted by the authority, after public consultation and having proper regard for other material factors. In India, Development Plan process is a provincial/state subject. There are various town planning authorities under each province/state that assess the growth of areas, identify suitable areas for housing, industry, public infrastructure and allocate budgets. Each of the metropolitan cities in India has an agency which is responsible for Development Planning exercise of the cities. Mumbai city has Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority commonly known as MMRDA. Similarly there is Delhi Development Authority for Delhi, Bangalore has the Bengaluru Development Authority, Kolkata has Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority and there is Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority for the south Indian city of Chennai. The Government of India has social welfare and social security schemes for India's citizens funded either by the central government, state government or concurrently. Schemes which are fully funded by the central government are referred to as "central sector schemes" (CS) while schemes mainly funded by the centre and implemented by the states are "centrally sponsored schemes" (CSS). In the 2022 Union budget of India, there are 740 central sector (CS) schemes and centrally sponsored schemes (CSSs). Implementation of government schemes varies between schemes, location, and depends on factors such as evaluation process, awareness, accessibility, acceptability and capability for last mile implementation. Government bodies undertaking evaluations and audits include NITI Aayog, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. 9.2    Learning Objectives After Learning through this lesson, the students will be able to know: •    Concepts and Significance Developmental Schemes •    MGNREGA 2005 •    Swachh Bharat Mission •    Atam Nirbhar Bharat Mission •    Digital India and Skill India 9.3    Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 or MNREGA, earlier known as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act or NREGA, is an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the 'right to work'. This act was passed in 23 August 2005 under the UPA government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh following tabling of the bill in parliament by the Minister for Rural Development Raghuvansh Prasad Singh. It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to at least one member of every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Women are guaranteed one third of the jobs made available under the MGNREGA. Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds and wells). Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant's residence, and minimum wages are to be paid. If work is not provided within 15 days of applying, applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance. That is, if the government fails to provide employment, it has to provide certain unemployment allowances to those people. Thus, employment under MGNREGA is a legal entitlement. Apart from providing economic security and creating rural assets, other things said to promote NREGA are that it can help in protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural-urban migration and fostering social equity, among others. The act was first proposed in 1991 by P.V. Narasimha Rao. It was finally accepted in the parliament and commenced implementation in 625 districts of India. Based on this pilot experience, NREGA was scoped up to cover all the districts of India from 1 April 2008. The statute was praised by the government as "the largest and most ambitious social security and public works programme in the world". In 2009 the World Bank had chided the act along with others for hurting development through policy restrictions on internal movement. However in its World Development Report 2014, the World Bank termed it as a "stellar example of rural development". MGNREGA is to be implemented mainly by gram panchayats (GPs). The law stated it provides many safeguards to promote its effective management and implementation. The act explicitly mentions the principles and agencies for implementation, list of allowed works, financing pattern, monitoring and evaluation, and detailed measures to ensure transparency and accountability. •    History Since 1960, 30 years were expended in struggling to find suitable employment schemes in India's vast rural hinterland. The experiences of these decades provided important lessons to the government. These included the 'Rural Manpower Programme' which exposed the tribulations of financial management, the 'Crash Scheme for Rural Employment' on planning for outcomes, a 'Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme' of labour-intensive works, the 'Drought Prone Area Programme' of integrated rural development, 'Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Scheme' of rural economic development, the ‘Food for Work Programme’ (FWP) of holistic development and better coordination with the states, the ‘National Rural Employment Programme’ (NREP) of community development, and the ‘Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme’ (RLEGP) of focus on landless households. The Planning Commission later approved the scheme and it was adopted on national scale. In April 1989, to converge employment generation, infrastructure development and food security in rural areas, the government integrated NREP and RLEGP into a new scheme Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY). The most significant change was the decentralization of implementation by involving the local people through local village governments or Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and hence a decreasing role of bureaucracy. In October 1993, the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was initiated to provide employment to agricultural hands during the lean agricultural season. The role of PRIs was reinforced with the local self-government at the district level called the 'Zilla Parishad' as the main implementing authority. Later, EAS was merged with Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana (SGRY) in 2001. On 1 April 1999, the JRY was revamped and renamed to Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) with a similar objective. The role of PRIs was further reinforced with the local self-government at the village level called the ‘Village Panchayats’ as the sole implementing authority. In 2001, it was merged with SGRY. On 25 September 2001 to converge employment generation, infrastructure development and food security in rural areas, the government integrated EAS and JGSY into a new scheme SGRY. The role of PRIs was retained with the 'Village Panchayats' as the sole implementing authority. Due to implementation issues, it was merged with NREGA in 2006. In January 2001, the government introduced a FWP similar to the one that was initiated in 1977. Once NREGA was enacted, the two were merged in 2006. The total government allocation to these precursors of NREGA had been about three-quarters of ₹1 trillion (US$13 billion). Employment generation programmes created after 2005 include the Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP). •    Provisions The registration process involves an application to the Gram Panchayat and issue of job cards. The wage employment must be provided within 15 days of the date of application. The work entitlement of 100 days per household per year may be shared between different adult members of the same household. The law lists permissible works: water conservation and water harvesting; drought proofing including afforestation; irrigation works; restoration of traditional water bodies; land development; flood control; rural connectivity; and works notified by the government. The Act sets a minimum limit to the wage-material ratio as 60:40. The provision of accredited engineers, worksite facilities and a weekly report on worksites is also mandated by the Act. The Act sets a minimum limit to the wages, to be paid with gender equality, either on a time-rate basis or on a piece-rate basis. The states are required to evolve a set of norms for the measurement of works and schedule of rates. Unemployment allowance must be paid if the work is not provided within the statutory limit of 15 days. The law stipulates Gram Panchayats to have a single bank account for NREGA works which shall be subjected to public scrutiny. To promote transparency and accountability, the act mandates 'monthly squaring of accounts. To ensure public accountability through public vigilance, the NREGA designates ‘social audits’ as key to its implementation. The most detailed part of the Act deals with transparency and accountability that lays out role of the state, the public vigilance and, above all, the social audits. For evaluation of outcomes, the law also requires management of data and maintenance of records, like registers related to employment, job cards, assets, muster rolls and complaints, by the implementing agencies at the village, block and state level. The legislation specifies the role of the state in ensuring transparency and accountability through upholding the right to information and disclosing information proactively, preparation of annual reports by the Central Employment Guarantee Council for the Parliament and State Employment Guarantee Councils for state legislatures, undertaking mandatory financial audits by each district along with physical audit, taking action on audit reports, developing a Citizen's Charter, establishing vigilance and monitoring committees, and developing a grievance redressal system. The Act recommends establishment of 'Technical Resource Support Groups' at district, state and central level and active use of information technology, like creation of a 'Monitoring and Information System (MIS)' and a NREGA website, to assure quality in implementation of NREGA through technical support. The law allows convergence of NREGA with other programmes. As NREGA intends to create ‘additional’ employment, the convergence should not affect employment provided by other programmes. •    Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 Write a short note on Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) Q.2 What are the developmental schemes under MGNREGA? 9.4    Swachh Bharat Mission Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a countrywide campaign initiated by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management. It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 and carried out by predecessor Manmohan Singh that failed to achieve its intended targets. Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat Mission lasted till October 2019.Phase 2 is being implemented between 2020–21 and 2024–25 to help cement the work of Phase 1. Initiated by the Government of India, the mission aimed to achieve an "open-defecation free" (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi through construction of toilets. An estimated 89.9 million toilets were built in the period. The objectives of the first phase of the mission also included eradication of manual scavenging, generating awareness and bringing about a behavior change regarding sanitation practices, and augmentation of capacity at the local level. The second phase of the mission aims to sustain the open defecation free status and improve the management of solid and liquid waste, while also working to improve the lives of sanitation workers. The mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals Number 6 established by the United Nations in 2015. The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it translates to "Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government employees and students from all parts of India participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural communities. At a rally in Champaran, the Prime Minister called the campaign Satyagrah se Swatchhagrah in reference to Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916. The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas "SBM - Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (since converted to the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti) whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swatchhagrahis, or "Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted the construction of toilets using a popular method called Community-Led Total Sanitation at the village level. Other activities included national real-time monitoring and updates from non-governmental organizations such as The Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWACH Pune (Solid Waste Collection and Handling) The government provided subsidy for construction of nearly 90 million toilets between 2014 and 2019, although some Indians especially in rural areas choose to not use them. The campaign was criticized for using coercive approaches to force people to use toilets. Some people were stopped from defecating in open and threatened with withdrawal from government benefits. The campaign was financed by the Government of India and state governments. The former released $5.8 billion (Rs 40,700 crore) funds for toilet construction 700,000 villages. The total budget for the rural and urban components was estimated at $28 billion, 93 per cent for construction and the rest for behavior change campaigns and administration. •    Planned Initiatives The Government appointed CPWD with the responsibility to dispose of waste from Government offices. The Ministry of Railways planned to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bedrolls from automatic laundries, bio-toilets, dustbins in all non-AC coaches. The Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was launched by the Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India by participating in the cleanliness drive along with the school's teachers and students. •    Performance Monitoring •    Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Mobile app is being used by people and Government organizations for achieving the goals of Swachh Bharat Mission. For this the government of India is bringing awareness to the people through advertisements. •    In 2017, the national sanitation coverage rose to 65% from 38.7% on Oct 2, 2014 before the start of the campaign. It was 90% in August 2018. 35 states/Union Territories, 699 districts and 5.99 lakh (599,000) villages were declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) by 25 September 2019. •    The cities and towns which have been declared ODF stood at 22 percent and the urban wards which have achieved 100 percent door-to-door solid waste collection stood at 50 percent. The number of Swachhagrahi volunteers working across urban local bodies rose to 20,000, and those working in rural India rose to more than a 100,000. The number of schools with separate toilet facilities for girls rose from 0.4 million (37 percent) to almost one million (91 percent). •    Swachh Survekshan annual cleanliness survey Swachh Survekshan, commissioned by Ministry of Urban Development and carried out by Quality Council of India, is an extensive sanitation survey across several hundred cities to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit of competition among the cities. The performance of each city is evaluated on six parameters: •    Municipal solid waste, sweeping, collection and transportation. •    Municipal solid waste, processing, and disposal of solid waste. •    Open defecation free and toilets. •    Capacity building and e-Learning. •    Provision of public toilets and community toilets. •    Information, education and communication, and behavior change. •    Impact of programme •    According to the dashboards maintained by respective ministries, more than 100 million individual household level toilets have been constructed in rural areas, and 6 million household toilets in urban areas. In addition, nearly 6 million community and public toilets have also been constructed in the urban areas. Consequently, 4,234 cities and more than 600,000 villages across the country have declared themselves open defecation free (ODF). •    More than 81.5 thousand wards in urban areas now have 100% door to door collection of solid waste and nearly 65 thousand wards practice 100% segregation of waste at source. Of the nearly 150 thousand metric tonnes of solid waste generated in urban areas, 65% is being processed. •    An independent survey released by Quality Council of India in August 2017, reported that overall national rural "household access to toilet" coverage increased to 62.5% and usage of toilets to 91.3%, with Haryana topping the national ranking with 99% of households in rural areas covered and usage of toilets of 100%. According to UNICEF. The number of people without a toilet reduced from 550 million to 50 million. The World Bank reports that 96% of Indians who have a toilet use it. The World Health Organization (WHO) has in its report stated that at least 180,000 diarrhea deaths were averted in rural India since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission. According to a survey carried out in 2018 and published in 2019 by National Statistical Office (NSO), 71% of rural households had access to toilets as of 2018. Though this was at odds with the Indian government's claim in 2019 that 95% of rural households had access to toilets, NSO's numbers still indicated a significant improvement over the situation during the previous survey period in 2012, when only 40% of rural households had access to toilets. •    Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 Write a short note on Swachh Bharat Mission. Q.2 Discuss about the Impact of Swachh Bharat Mission programme 9.5 Atam Nirbhar Bharat Mission Atmanirbhar Bharat (Devanagari: lld,|R<0 ^ ^o Rd) which translates to 'self-reliant India', is a phrase the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and his government used and popularized inrelation to the country's economic development plans. The phrase is an umbrella concept for the Modi government's plans for India to play a larger role in the world economy, and for it to becomemore efficient, competitive and resilient. Modi has used the English phrase since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and digital India. The first popular use of the phrase in Hindi was Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (Self-Reliant India Mission) during the announcement of India's COVID–19-pandemic-related economic package in 2020. Since then, the phrase has been used by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defense in press releases, statements and policies. The government has also used the phrase in relation to India's new National Education Policy and the 2021 Union Budget of India. The concept under Modi's premiership has been adapted from earlier uses of the phrase in the Indian sub-continent. The swadeshi movement was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. The concept of self-reliance has been used by the country's former Planning Commission in multiple five-year plans between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since its independence. Private companies and their products have been considered as examples of self-reliance in sectors such as beverages, automotives, cooperatives, financial services and banking, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. •    Political self-reliance and self-rule India saw a promotion of political self-reliance for swaraj (self-governance or self-rule) during the independence movement. Activists such as Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore explained self-reliance in terms of the nation and of the self. This included the discipline of an individual and the values of a society. With the foundation of educational institutes such as Visva-Bharati University, Tagore had a role in bringing India closer to self-reliance in education. M. S. Swaminathan said in his youth is the 1930s, he like his peers, "young and old shared the dream of a free and self-reliant India. Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi (selfreliance) were our goals. In 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah acknowledged slogans such as "atmanirbharta", "Make in India" and "vocal for local" were adapted from Gandhi's efforts towards swadeshi. Pre- independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived and adapted, and are being put into practice. •    Atma Nirbhar Bharat During the corona virus pandemic in India, the lockdown, and an existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the economic impact of the pandemic, the government issued an adapted idea of self-reliance. On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time when he said; (trans.) "the state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) 'Self-reliant India' is the only path. It is said in our scriptures—EshahPanthah. That is—self-sufficient India." While the speech was in Hindi, the reference by Press Information Bureau to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" caused some confusion. In the days following Modi's speech, the Indian government issued an economic package called the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (. Self-reliant India Mission). It was met with a mixed response. According to economist Swaminathan Aiyar, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. In the 1960s and 1970s, India's drive for self-sufficiency was unsuccessful, and doing the same again is not advisable Sadanand Dhume was skeptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it meant a revival of pre-liberalization era policies. Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of Year in 2020. The adapted plan for self-reliance or aatmarnibharta that emerged included a readiness to associate with and challenge the global economy, unlike past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence swadeshi movement and with postindependence foreign aid. Swadeshi, however, has been adapted with slogans such as "vocal for local" while at the same time, global interconnectedness is being promoted. The government aims to reconcile this; according to Economist Intelligence Unit; "Modi's policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world". Along with the coronavirus pandemic, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India-China border relations and India's economic dependence on China in some sectors. Calls for India to boycott Chinese products and promote an Atmanirbhar Bharat instead are practically difficult in the short term for India, which imports US$75 billion worth of goods every year from China, and parts of Indian industry are dependent on China. Following the Galwan Valley skirmish on 15 June 2020, which resulted in a number of deaths, Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, an affiliate of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given contracts for projects such as the Delhi– Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System. A Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6 km (3.5 mi) of the project. While an Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the premiership of Narendra Modi, especially in rhetoric and speeches, this is not always apparent in government policies. There has been concern Atmanirbhar Bharat is political messaging that has no economic impact. India's trade deficit restricts a reduction in dependence on imports, restricting protectionism and isolationism. Protectionist tendencies such as tariff increases, however, have been seen during this phase. The general trend by the Modi government has been to support domestic industries rather than global ones. Subsidies are being used as incentives to get global business leaders into India. The initiative has been accused of crony capitalism and of giving false hope to small businesses that align with the messaging. On 7 December 2021, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh said for India to be self-reliant, states must be self-reliant. • Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Discuss about Atam Nirbhar Bharat Mission. 9.6    Digital India and Skill India Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India in order to ensure that the Government's services are made available to citizens electronically by improved online infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity or making the country digitally empowered in the field of technology. The initiative includes plans to connect rural areas with high-speed internet networks. It consists of three core components: the development of secure and stable digital infrastructure, delivering government services digitally, and universal digital literacy. Launched on 1 July 2015, by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, it is both enabler and beneficiary of other key Government of India schemes, such as BharatNet, Make in India, Startup India, Standup India, industrial corridors, Bharatmala and Sagarmala. As of 31 December 2018, India had a population of 130 crore people (1.3 billion), 123 crore (1.23 billion) Aadhaar digital biometric identity cards, 121 crore (1.21 billion) mobile phones, 44.6 crore (446 million) smartphones, 56 crore (560 million) internet users up from 481 million people (35% of the country's total population) in December 2017, and 51 per cent growth in e-commerce. •    Digital India Initiative Some of the facilities which will be provided through this initiative are Bharat, digital locker, eeducation, e-health, e-sign, e-shopping and the National Scholarship Portal. As part of Digital India, Indian Government planned to launch Botnet cleaning centers. •    National e-Governance Plan aimed at bringing all the front-end government services online. •    MyGov.in is a platform to share inputs and ideas on matters of policy and governance. It is a platform for citizen engagement in governance, through a "Discuss", "Do" and "Disseminate" approach. •    UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) is a Government of India all-in-one single unified secure multi-channel multi-platform multi-lingual multiservice freeware mobile app for accessing over 1,200 central and state government services in multiple Indian languages over Android, iOS, Windows and USSD (feature phone) devices, including services such as AADHAAR, Digi-Locker, Bharat Bill Payment System, PAN EPFO services, PMKVY services, AICTE, CBSE, tax and fee or utilities bills payments, education, job search, tax, business, health, agriculture, travel, Indian railway tickets bookings, birth certificates, e-District, e-Panchayat, police clearance, passport, other utility services from private companies and much more. •    eSign framework allows citizens to digitally sign a document online using Aadhaar authentication. •    Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Mobile app is being used by people and Government organizations for achieving the goals of Swachh Bharat Mission. •    eHospital application provides important services such as online registration, payment of fees and appointment, online diagnostic reports, enquiring availability of blood online, etc. •    Digital attendance: attendance.gov.in was launched by PM Narendra Modi on 1 July2015, to keep a record of the attendance of Government employees on a real-time basis. This initiative started with implementation of a common Biometric Attendance System (BAS) in the central Government offices located in Delhi. Back-end digitization •    Black money eradication: The 2016, Union budget of India announced 11 technology initiatives including the use of data analytics to nab tax evaders, creating a substantial opportunity for IT companies to build out the systems that will be required. Digital Literacy mission will cover six crore rural households. It is planned to connect 550 farmer markets in the country through the use of technology. Facilities to digitally empower citizens •    Digital Locker facility will help citizens to digitally store their important documents like PAN card, Passport, mark sheets and degree certificates. Digital Locker will provide secure access to Government-issued documents. It uses authenticity services provided by Aadhaar. It is aimed at eliminating the use of physical documents and enables the sharing of verified electronic documents across Government agencies. Three key stakeholders of DigiLocker are Citizen, Issuer and requester. •    BPO and job growth: The government is planning to create 28,000 seats of BPOs in various states and set up at least one Common Service Centre in each of the gram panchayats in the state. •    e-Sampark Vernacular email service: Out of 10% English speaking Indians, only 2% reside in rural areas. Rest everyone depends on their vernacular language for all living their lives. However, as of now, email addresses can only be created in the English language. To connect rural India with Digital India, the Government of India impelled email services provider giants including Gmail, office, and Rediff to provide the email address in regional languages. The email provider companies have shown positive sign and are working in the same process. An Indian-based company, Data Xgen Technologies Pvt Ltd, has launched world's first free linguistic email address under the name ‘DATAMAIL’ which allows creating email ids in 8 Indian languages, English; and three foreign languages – Arabic, Russian and Chinese. Over the period of time, the email service in 22 languages will be offered by Data XGen Technologies. •    "The digital age is changing everything around us," said Prime Minister Narendra Modi while addressing the Sydney Dialogue via video conference on Thursday. He spoke about cryptocurrencies and India's digital revolution. Here are the top 10 quotes from PM Modi's speech at the Sydney Dialogue. •    Skill India Skill India or the National Skills Development Mission of India is a campaign launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is managed by the National Skills Development Corporation of India. Apr 16, 2022: India’s first Skill India International Centre will be set up in Bhubaneswar for training youths with an aim to enhance overseas opportunities for the skilled workforce. A memorandum of understanding was exchanged between the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) and the Skill Development Institute (SDI) on Saturday in presence of Union Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Minister Dharmendra Pradhan. The recent systematic literature review conducted by Cabral and Dhar (2019) has identified the significance of skill development wherein the implementation of such schemes mitigate poverty, utilize demographic dividend, socio-economic empowerment of under privileged sectors, achieve economic growth, reduce social challenges, and economic inclusion. As far as institutional mechanism is concerned, the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and the scheme - Prime Minister Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) have resulted to achieve considerable results, but not achieved the expected outcomes. The study argues the essential requirement of skill development to achieve technology adoption and women empowerment in the country. Oracle on 12 February 2016 announced that it will build a new 2.8 million sq. ft. campus in Bengaluru will be Oracle's largest outside of its headquarters in Redwood Shores, California. Oracle Academy will launch an initiative to train more than half-a-million students each year to develop computer science skills by expanding its partnerships to 2,700 institutions in India from 1,800 at present. Japan's private sector is to set up six institutes of manufacturing to train 30,000 people over ten years in Japanese-style manufacturing skills and practices, primarily in the rural areas. Japan-India Institute of Manufacturing (JIM) and Japanese Endowed Courses (JEC) in engineering colleges designated by Japanese companies in India in cooperation between the public and private sectors would be established for this purpose. The first three institutes would be set up in Gujarat, Karnataka and Rajasthan in the summer of 2017. In the budget of fiscal year 2017 - 18 the government of India has decided to set aside ₹ 17,000 crore, the highest ever allocation to this sector, in order to boost the Skill India Mission. At least ten million Indian youth enter the country’s workforce each year, but the employment creation in India has not been able to absorb this influx, making increasing unemployment a severe problem. Through this allocation the government aims at generating employment and providing livelihood to the millions of young Indians who enter the work force every year. The government has invested ₹ 4000 crore in the launch of SANKALP (Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion Programme), another big initiative under the Skill India Mission. Through this it aims at providing market relevant training to 350 million young Indians. Apart from this, the government would set up 100 India International Skills Centres that will conduct advanced courses in foreign languages to help youngsters prepare for overseas jobs. It provides opportunities to the youth of India. •    Self-Check Exercise-4 Q.1 Write a short note on Digital India and Skill India Mission. Q.2 What are the Digital India initiatives? 9.7    Summary Developmental schemes are essential initiatives designed to promote economic growth, social welfare, and poverty alleviation. They aim to improve living standards by providing access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. These schemes often focus on marginalized communities, empowering individuals through skill development and financial support. By facilitating infrastructure development, such as roads and sanitation, they enhance connectivity and quality of life. Additionally, developmental schemes promote sustainable practices and environmental conservation, ensuring long-term benefits for society. Overall, these initiatives play a vital role in fostering inclusive growth and driving national development. 9.8    Glossary •    Developmental Schemes: The schemes launched by central and state governments of India for alleviation of poverty, general welfare and rural development. •    Digital India: Digital India is a Government of India initiative aiming at improving the online infrastructure and enhancing internet connectivity. The motto of Digital India is “Power to Empower”. 9.9    Answer to Self-Check ExerciseSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 9.3 Ans 2. Refer to section Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 9.4 Ans 2 Refer to section 9.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 9.5 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 9.6 Ans 2. Refer to section 9.6 9.10    References/Suggested Readings 1.    Edward W, Wedner: Development Administration, Asia Duke university Press, Dushan, 1970. 2.    E. Vayunandan& Dolly Mathew (ed): Good governance initiatives in India, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2003. 3.    Fred W Riggs: Frontier of Development Administration in Asia Duke University Press. Durshan, 1970. 4.    Gnat, G.F: Development Administration: Concepts, goals 7 Methods. University Press, Madison, 1979. 5.    Mohit Bhattacharya: Development Administration. Jawahar publishers, New Delhi, 2001. 6.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rural_Employment_Guarantee_Act,_2005#:~:tex t=It%20aims%20to%20enhance%20livelihood,made%20available%20under%20the%20 MGNREGA. 7.    https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=123296 8.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill_India 9.    https://indiancc.mygov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/mygov-10000000001596725005.pdf 10.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_India 9.11    Terminal Questions Q.1 Critically examines the MGNREGs Act, 2005? Q.2 What do you understand by developmental schemes? Explain with examples. UNIT-10 Citizens and Development Administration: Responsiveness and Participation Structure 10.1    Introduction 10.2    Learning Objective 10.3    Citizens and Development Administration Self-Check Exercise-1 10.4    Citizen Responsiveness and Participation Self-Check Exercise-2 10.5    Summary 10.6    Glossary 10.7    Answer to Self-Check Exercise 10.8    References/Suggested Readings 10.9    Terminal Questions 10.1    Introduction People’s participation means participation of people in the administrative process. It implies citizens‟ effective performance of the administrative machinery. It makes the administration responsive to the needs of the people. It secures public support to the government policies and makes them a success. It constitutes an important means of enforcing administrative accountability. A democratic government is based on the „doctrine of sovereignty‟ which means that the people are supreme in a democracy, or the final authority in democracy is vested in the people. Therefore, administration in democracy is or should finally and ultimately be responsible to the people. It is in this context that the people`s participation in administration assumes importance. It transfers the representative democracy into participatory democracy. It facilitates what is known as “bottom-up rule”. Public participation, also known as citizen participation or patient and public involvement is the inclusion of the public in the activities of any organization or project. Public participation is similar to but more inclusive than stakeholder engagement. Generally public participation seeks and facilitates the involvement of those potentially affected by or interested in a decision. This can be in relation to individuals, governments, institutions, companies or any other entities that affect public interests. The principle of public participation holds that those who are affected by a decision have a right to be involved in the decision-making process. Public participation implies that the public's contribution will influence the decision. Public participation may be regarded as a form of empowerment and as vital part of democratic governance. In the context of knowledge management the establishment of ongoing participatory processes is seen by some in the facilitator of collective intelligence and inclusiveness, shaped by the desire for the participation of the whole community or society. Public participation is part of "people cantered" or "human centric" principles, which have emerged in Western culture over the last thirty years, and has had some bearings of education, business, public policy and international relief and development programs. Public participation is advanced by the humanist movements. Public participation may be advanced as part of a "people first" paradigm shift. In this respect public participation may challenge the concept that "big is better" and the logic of centralized hierarchies, advancing alternative concepts of "more heads are better than one" and arguing that public participation can sustain productive and durable change. Some legal and other frameworks have developed a human rights approach to public participation. For example, the right to public participation in economic and human development was enshrined in the 1990 African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation. Similarly major environmental and sustainability mechanisms have enshrined a right to public participation, such as the Rio Declaration • Right to Public Participation The right to public participation is a human right enshrined by some international and national legal systems that protects public participation in certain decision making processes. Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states the right of every person to participate in the affairs of his country, either directly or by selecting representatives.[42] Likewise, the right to political participation means the right under which the ruling authority is committed to providing rights to citizens, including the right to nominate and elect representatives, to hold public office in accordance with the principle of equal opportunities, to participate in private and public meetings, and the right to form and join political parties.[43][44] Articles 20 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights make a similar declaration about the right to participate in the management of public affairs. In some jurisdictions, the right to public participation is enshrined by law. The right to public participation may also be conceived of as human right, or as manifestation of the right to freedom of association and freedom of assembly. As such the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Sweden, have public participation and freedom of information provisions in their legal systems since before the middle Ages. Democracy and public participation are closely connected democratic societies have incorporated public participation rights into their laws for centuries. For example, in the US the right to petition has been part of the First Amendment of the US constitution since 1791. More recently, since the 1970s in New Zealand numerous laws (e.g.: health, local government, environmental management) require government officials to "consult" those affected by a matter and take their views into consideration when making decisions. Effective public participation depends on the public having accessing to accurate and comprehensive information. Hence laws regarding public participation often deal with the issue of the right to know, access of information and freedom of information. The right to participation may also be advanced in the context of equality and group rights, meant to ensure equal and full participation of a designated group in society. For example, in the context of disabled people. 10.2    Learning Objectives After Learning through this lesson, the students will be able to know: •    Concepts of Citizens and Development Administration •    Citizen’s Responsiveness and Participation 10.3    Citizens and Development Administration According to Aristotle, the participation of citizens in state affairs is essential for the development and wholeness of human personality. It was expressed that there is wide participation without any class dominance that is where the best state emerges. Inthe18thand 19th centuries, democracy was developed as the most civilized system of governance and government. At different times, the idea gave its definition to democracy and expressed the view that democracy is a people's rule of the people in which it tries to satisfy the needs of the people. The changing demands of the people in relation to time and their increasing complexity compelled us to rethink the traditional definition of democracy. Democracy can be for the people and rule of the people but it is not necessary that democracy based governance should be with the people. . The modern democratic system makes possible representative governance for the people, But the desire of the people in that administrative system does not reflect in that and its role flourishes in the second half of the twentieth century, especially in the last decades. Efforts started to make public participation in different parts of the world and interpreted differently after disintegration of Soviet Union there was a focus on Six Sigma Management and Quality Management in the liberal global environment. In the system of management, special emphasis was laid on the people of the administration, as a result, the efforts made for the participation of citizens in the administration with the objective of developing a qualitative democracy and establishing good governance. Participation originally originated from the Latin word “Participate” which means take A part .According to the Encyclopedia of Psychology, participation is related to participation in activities and a larger share in other influencing policy making. Public participation is an imperative for administration and governance, in today's 21st century. According to Kauffman, public participation is reflected at the time when the people participate in the delivery of public services. This is the process through which a person can be self-sufficient, cognitive and empowered. It is a direct result of the entire process of development and empowerment. Participation in any organization is related to deliberative commitment, affinity and personality development. Public Participation is related to elements like public participation in decision making, decision drafting, decision implementation, decision evaluation and monitoring of development programs. On the other hand, the ability of the community also reflects the development and attainment of skill. It is also expressed in the form of discipline and self control. According to J S Mill- it is a kind of national character and through it people can be disciplined and educated and their standard of living enhanced. According to the Cohen and eupu- public participation means public participation indecision making. Vigoda is of the view that public participation is the strategic goal of modern democracy. Public participation develops with the cooperation and companionship of the Janata and government and other social representatives. We can divide the participation into two parts. First, Participation in general administration and second, participation in development administration. We can divide the participation in general administration into four parts or in five parts •    Participation in elections- directly or indirectly, the public has an important role in maintaining the response to governance by participating in the election process. The public exercises its participation in the administration by contesting as a candidate in the election or using the franchise as a conscious voter. And this strengthens the root of administrative democracy. •    Recall-It is a direct democratic method. This is in 13 states of United States andtheSwitzerland where administrative officials are directly elected by the public to. Under this process, the public has the right to call an elected official from office even before the term is over. If elected officials do not represent their wishes in the eyes of the public, then the public can take decisions related to calling them. •    Interest group or pressure group -The term group or pressure group developed in the United States .examples of voluntary organizations, labor union, employees' union, trade union, and student union. •    Advisory Committees -It consists of representatives of expert citizens and special interests groups’ acts as a liaison between the public and the administration and gives suggestions to the government on administrative policies, problems and procedures. •    Public Opinion- This is an informal method of participation in administration. For example, press, media, Lokmunch political parties. •    Participation in Development administration It is related to the positive changes being made in the development administration. This is goal oriented, work oriented and reward oriented. Keeping in mind the importance of information in relation to planning, it is necessary that public participation should be broadened. Information provided by public participation helps in bringing about congruence between the values and priorities of society and the objectives of development. Project costs can be reduced by intellectualizing the use of human resources through participation. Whether any change in the society through development will be accepted or not by the society and the individual it depends on the amount of participation of the individual. Community involvement accelerates development work. It also helps to maintain the dignity and unity of the community. In the 1993 Human Development Report presented by the UNDP, the idea was expressed that in the late stages of the twentieth century public participation is not only a central issue in relation to development, but also a broader part of the development strategy. It was expressed that it is imperative to make community participation possible under the broad strategy of development administration. Participation is classified as different concept in relation to development in countries. In general, public participation in development administration can be divided in to four classes- •    Decision to participate in decision making •    Participation in decision implementation •    Participation in monitoring and evaluation •    Participation in profit sharing Public participation in develop report, the concept of sustainable development emerged, the importance of public participation in administration increased and after the concept of sustainable development, empowerment was given special emphasis. It was held that public empowerment is not possible as long as public participation is determined at all levels. By increasing public participation in development administration, success is achieved in reducing the financial burden of the government. •    Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 Discuss about the Citizens and Development Administration. Q.2 Write a short note on participation in development administration. 10.4    Citizen Responsiveness and Participation Citizen participation is a process which provides private individuals an opportunity to influence public decisions and has long been a component of the democratic decision-making process. The roots of citizen participation can be traced to ancient Greece and Colonial New England. Before the 1960s, governmental processes and procedures were designed to facilitate "external" participation. Citizen participation was institutionalized in the mid-1960s with President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs Public involvement is means to ensure that citizens have a direct voice in public decisions. The terms "citizen" and "public," and "involvement" and "participation" are often used interchangeably. While both are generally used to indicate a process through which citizens have a voice in public policy decisions, both have distinctively different meanings and convey little insight into the process they seek to describe. Mize reveals that the term "citizen participation" and its relationship to public decision-making has evolved without a general consensus regarding either it's meaning nor its consequences. Many agencies or individuals choose to exclude or minimize public participation in planning efforts claiming citizen participation is too expensive and time consuming. Yet, many citizen participation programs are initiated in response to public reaction to a proposed project or action. However, there are tangible benefits that can be derived from an effective citizen involvement program. Identify five benefits of citizen participation to the planning process: •    Information and ideas on public issues •    Public Support for planning decisions •    Avoidance of protracted conflicts and costly delays •    Reservoir of good will which can carry over to future decisions •    Spirit of cooperation and trust between the agency and the public All of these benefits are important to the Forest Service in its planning efforts, particularly the last three. Recent forest management decisions have led to prolonged court cases and a general lack of trust among many people with respect to the Forest Service. •    Levels of Citizen’s Participation These levels have been based on Sherry Aronstein’s “ladder of citizen participation”, which is a useful theory to describe the level of public participation and clearly shows the difference between actual optimal participation and something that might appear to be public participation but is no more than a masquerade. However, it has been brought more up-to-date with less subjective language. Her ladder illustrates the so-called “power” and “powerlessness” of people. It has 8 rungs with each one “corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the end product” viz. •    Manipulation This is the bottom rung of the ladder of citizens’ participation and is therefore the lowest form of public participation and might therefore also be called “non-participation”. This is a form of participation where the public and the observer are “manipulated” into thinking that public participation is in progress. This can take place in several ways like at meetings of Citizen Advisory Committees where the officials influenced the citizens instead of the other way around. Also, sometimes certain “advisory groups” are set up in a neighborhood by Community Action Agencies that want to demonstrate their goodwill for the poor by actually letting them speak. This is often used when a certain organization has to prove that “real people” are involved in a project which is not even discussed with these people. The people are not informed and when asked to sign their name for a noble project, they undoubtedly will. Often these “noble projects” have nothing to do with helping less fortunate groups of people and more with the (business) interests of officials. •    Therapy In order to illustrate this level of participation Arnstein uses a rather shocking example. One might even argue to put therapy at the bottom of the ladder because it is “both dishonest and arrogant”. Arnstein writes about a father that takes his baby to the emergency room in a local hospital, a young resident doctor advises him to take the baby home and feed it sugar water. That very same afternoon the baby dies as a result of dehydration and pneumonia. The father went to the local community to complain and when they should have started an investigation of hospital procedures to limit similar situations in the future, the local community invited the father to some type of child-care education sessions and promised him that someone would make a phone call to the hospital to make sure that it would never happen again. This is of course a very dramatic example of therapy but there are many more ways of “shushing” people, just assuming that because they have no power that they are mentally ill. That is why this form of participation is called therapy, putting the citizens to work to change themselves rather than giving them a say in procedures •    Informing As has already been mentioned several times, informing and creating awareness is a very important step towards public participation, without it, true public participation cannot take place. One also needs to keep in mind that it is a two-way process; not only do citizens learn about coastal issues, officials can also learn from citizens. Regional citizens’ organizations and groups often know much more about the problems and issues in their own coastal region because they are actually living there and can provide firsthand information. Next, it is important that the public is informed at an early stage because if they do not know about projects and plans on time, it makes it harder to truly get involved and exercise influence. Means of one way communication are the media, pamphlets, and posters, responses to inquiries and in some case the internet. Drawbacks of this level of participation are low quality of the information or superficial information. If the citizen is not properly informed then they cannot truly participate. •    Consultation This level is easiest described as “inviting citizens’ opinions and therefore “consulting” the citizen in the decision making or planning process. This is, just like informing, a valid step towards full participation but when not combined with other forms of participation it is simply not enough. Just by consulting the public, there is no guarantee that “citizen concerns and ideas will be taken into account”. Means of consultation are attitude surveys, neighborhood meetings and public hearings. One should be careful that a useful activity like consultation is not used in the wrong way; namely to show that full participation is taking place. • Placation At this level citizens actually begin to have some influence, though usually in far from optimal situations. Usually there is much tokenism apparent in placation and the most important problem is that there are often no rules or guidelines about citizen participation, which makes it easier for officials and the private sector to take the upper hand. For placation the “informing” and “consultation” rung are of course very important. One of the examples Arnstein uses to illustrate placation is participation in Model Cities advisory and planning committees. Here the citizens get to advise and even to plan a great deal but it is the power holder that finally gets to decide whether to even take these ideas into account or not. The level to which citizens are placated depends on 2 things: “the quality of technical assistance they have in articulating their priorities; and the extent to which the community has been organized to press for those priorities”. Obviously technical resources for citizens and officials have improved and expanded a great deal over the past decades, this makes it easier for both parties to acquire and organize information and action. •    Partnership Partnerships are pretty common among ICM projects, especially in the UK. In a partnership, the power is shared by “negotiation between citizens and stakeholders”. Planning and decision making tasks are carried out through bodies like “joint policy boards”, “planning committees” and other mechanisms that might enforce such a partnership. They work best with an “organized power base” in the region or community where meetings can be held, finances can be taken care of and where the group can do business with its employees (lawyers, technicians etc.). So the key to effective partnership is definitely a good organization and planning. The Sefton Coast Partnership for example evolved from several partner organizations with an interest in the coast. The Partnership has established a forum which represents all interests in the coastal region. •    Delegated power In this very advanced level of citizen participation, the public has the dominant decision making authority in a plan or program. This happens on not very many occasions and requires a number of very dedicated citizens. It can also be that there are two groups, one power-holder group and one public group. When decisions cannot be made through negotiations between the groups, the citizens often hold the right to veto. One might describe this level of participation as a level of very high cooperation where citizens are granted much authority. It is safe to say that there are virtually no examples of delegated power in coastal management projects. •    Citizen control First of all, it needs to be noted that no one has the absolute control so citizens do not either. However, this is the highest form of authority that citizens may achieve and it means that they are in full charge of a policy or plan and that they are “able to negotiate the conditions under which ‘outsiders’ may change them.” A very common example is a neighborhood corporation without intermediaries and its own source of finances. No examples of citizens’ control are known in coastal management. This level of participation again requires citizens that are very willing to engage themselves and spend much time and efforts in such activities. There are several drawbacks to full citizen control: it might support separatism and hostility against public services, it costs more money and is usually less efficient and it might enable the wrong people to have too much power. Besides all those arguments, citizen control is not a professional way of dealing with things but in some cases it might work and it is the only way to give full power to the “powerless”. •    Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 Discuss about Citizen’s responsiveness and participation in administration. 10.5    Summary Citizen participation and development administration in India are closely intertwined, playing a critical role in driving the country's progress. Citizen involvement ensures that developmental policies and programs are more inclusive and responsive to local needs. It fosters transparency, accountability, and good governance, as people actively engage in decision-making processes and hold authorities accountable. Development administration focuses on implementing policies and programs aimed at socioeconomic development. It involves planning, organizing, and managing resources to achieve developmental goals. By incorporating citizen feedback and participation, development administration becomes more effective and efficient, addressing the actual needs of communities. In summary, the synergy between citizen participation and development administration in India enhances the effectiveness of developmental initiatives, promotes good governance, and ensures that growth is inclusive and sustainable. 10.6    Glossary •    Citizen: A citizen is a person with citizenship, i. e. a membership in a sovereign political community such as a country. •    Citizen’s participation: Many people feel a sense of commitment to their neighborhood and are actively involved in activities to improve the quality of life there. This is called 'citizen participation'. 10.7    Answer to Self-Check ExerciseSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 10.3 Ans 2. Refer to section 10.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 10.4 10.8    References/Suggested Readings 1.    Edward W, Wedner: Development Administration, Asia Duke university Press, Dushan, 1970. 2.    Fred W Riggs: Frontier of Development Administration in Asia Duke University Press. Durshan, 1970. 3.    Gnat, G.F: Development Administration: Concepts, goals 7 Methods. University Press, Madison, 1979. 4.    Mohit Bhattacharya: Development Administration. Jawahar publishers, New Delhi, 2001. 5.    R. K. Sapru: Develolpment Administration. Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002 6.    https://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(5)9/version-3/J05936568.pdf 7.    https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004160626024093U TKARSH_MISHRA_pub_adm_citizen_participation.pdf 8.    https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/ 9.    https://pages.uoregon.edu/rgp/PPPM613/class10theory.htm 10.    http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000031PY/P000687/ M010255/LM/1475572001PSY_P16_M27_know_more.pdf 10.9    Terminal Questions Q.1 Discuss about Citizen and development administration? Q.2 Critically discuss about Citizen’s responsiveness and participation? UNIT-11 Co-operatives: Concept, Significance and Types, Procedure for Registration of a Society Structure 11.1Introduction 11.2    Learning Objective 11.3    Co-operatives Concepts Self-Check Exercise-1 11.4    Co-operatives Significance and Types Self-Check Exercise-2 11.5    Procedure for Registration of a Society Self-Check Exercise-3 11.6    Summary 11.7    Glossary 11.8    Answer to Self-Check Exercise 11.9    Suggested Reading 11.10    Terminal Questions 11.1    Introduction A Cooperative Society isn't a brand-new concept. It prevails in all the nations, that is almost a well-known idea. The Cooperative Society is active in all international locations and is represented in all the sectors such as agriculture, meals, finance, healthcare, etc. To protect the interests of weaker sections, a Cooperative Society is formed. It is a voluntary association of people, whose motive is the welfare of the contributors. Cooperative Society’ is intended to help each other. Thus, cooperatives are those institutions which are formed for mutual assistance of its members. The cooperative movement is mainly the movement of the poor. Cooperative organizations are formed to serve their members. The weaker sections of the society can create such organizations to protect themselves from exploitation through modern means of production and distributions. A Cooperative Society is a voluntary organization of individuals who are mostly workers and small producers. They are organized under joint management on democratic methods to improve their domestic and business conditions and capital collection. •    Importance of Cooperative Society Cooperative institutions that started mainly for the provision of debt have taken many forms today. There are many cooperative institutions in the country with different sects of people as members. Cooperative Institutions arrange loans and provide funds to their members at reasonable interest. Cooperative organizations sell their offerings in Mandis at reasonable prices, thereby avoiding exploitation by middlemen. Cooperative milk laboratories collect milk from the villages and sell it in cities and provide the members with the right price for their milk. Cooperative stores save people’s money by providing them with the right kind of goods at a reasonable price and curb arbitrary price collection by traders. Similarly, Cooperative Housing Societies provide cheap houses to the people. Today, in almost every sphere of life, cooperative institutions are engaged in the welfare of their members. •    Functions of a Cooperative Society •    As it's far from a voluntary association, the club is likewise voluntary. a person is free to enroll in a Cooperative Society and can leave whenever as in step with his preference. no matter their faith, gender & caste, the club is open to all. •    It's far more obligatory for the co-operative society to get registration. The Cooperative Society is a separate legal identity from society. •    It does not get laid low with the entry or exit of its members. •    There's the restrained liability of the contributors of the co-operative society. liability is constrained to the quantity of the amount contributed by way of individuals as capital •    An elected managing committee has the electricity to make selections. contributors have the right to vote, by way of which they go with the participants who will represent the dealing with the committee. •    The Cooperative Society works on the precept of mutual assistance & welfare. Hence, the principle of provider dominates its working. If any surplus is generated, it is dispensed among the contributors as a dividend in conformity with the bye-laws of the society. •    Benefits of Cooperative Societies The cooperative movement has contributed significantly to the development of rural areas. The feeling of brotherhood and a tendency to work together has grown among the members of these societies. Moreover, a sense of real democracy is communicated among the people. Cooperative marketing institutions have helped many get out of the clutches of money lenders and protect them from the exploitation of middlemen. Through these committees, farmers get help in saving money from moneylenders; as a result, they get into the habit of saving. It, in turn, helps them to face their problem on their own. 11.2    Learning Objectives After Learning through this lesson the students will be able to know: •    Concepts and Significance of Co-operatives •    Types of Co-operatives •    Procedures for Registration of Societies 11.3    Co-operatives Concepts A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically-controlled enterprise" Cooperatives are democratically controlled by their members, with each member having one vote in electing the board of directors. Cooperatives may include: •    businesses owned and managed by the people who consume their goods and/or services (a consumer cooperative) •    Businesses where producers pool their output for their common benefit (a producer cooperative) •    Organizations managed by the people who work there (a worker cooperative) •  Businesses where members pool their purchasing power (a purchasing cooperative) •    Multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder groups. For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both care-givers and receivers. Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors. •    Second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives •    Platform cooperatives that use a cooperatively owned and governed website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services. • Co-operatives principles and values Many cooperatives follow the seven 1.    Voluntary and open membership 2.    Democratic member control, with each member having one vote. 3.    Economic participation by members 4.    Autonomy and independence 5.    Education, training and information 6.    Cooperation among cooperatives 7.    Concern for community • Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 Discuss about the Co-operative societies Concepts. 11.4    Co-operatives Types and Significance A committee is formed by the organization of people for the manufacturing of goods. This is appropriate at a place where neither more capital is required nor more technical knowledge. The profit in it avoids going to the capitalists. Although it is a democratic arrangement of industrial production, it has unfortunately not been successful in India. •    Producer Cooperative To guard the interest of small manufacturers, these societies are set up. The co-operative society participants can be farmers, landowners, proprietors of the fishing operations. To grow the advertising and marketing possibilities and manufacturing performance, producers decide to work together or as separate entities. They perform several sports like processing, advertising & distributing their own merchandise. This allows for lower prices and traces in every region with a mutual gain to each producer. •    Consumer Cooperative Society This committee is more popular. Its purpose is to purchase goods directly from the manufacturer and deliver it to the consumers at a reasonable price. In this way, the middlemen are eliminated through this committee, benefiting the members of the society. Super-mount cooperative markets have been opened in the cities to provide goods at reasonable and low prices by the Cooperative Society. They were initially successful, but later, due to mismanagement, corruption and lack of experience, these types of markets could not work satisfactorily in most cities. •    Housing Cooperative Society To help human beings with constrained earnings assemble homes at affordable expenses, these societies are hooked up. Their intention is to solve the housing issues of the participants. A member of this society, you obtain the residential residence at a decreased value. They assemble the houses and provide the option to contributors to pay in installments to purchase the residence. They construct apartments or offer plots to members on which the individuals themselves can assemble the homes as in step with their preference. This committee is formed to help the members who need lands and houses. The society has provided many facilities for these works. •    Advertising Cooperative Society With an intention of helping small manufacturers in promoting their products, those societies are established. The producers who desire to reap reasonable prices for his or her output are the participants of this society. For securing a favorable marketplace for the goods they cast off the middlemen and improve the aggressive function of its individuals. It collects the output of character individuals. diverse advertising features like transportation, packaging, warehousing, and many others are executed by means of the cooperative societies to sell the product on the best viable charge. •    Lander Cooperative Society Its purpose is to provide financial assistance to poor and middle-class people in the form of loans. They can invest that amount in some work which is beneficial for them. This loan is given at the rate of interest. •    Cooperative Agriculture Its objective is to increase the size of arable land by forming a Cooperative Society by a group of farmers. In this way, the yield can be increased by using modern equipment in agriculture •    Credit Unions Credit unions are generally member-owned financial cooperatives. Their principle is of people assisting human beings. They offer credit and economic services to individuals at competitive costs. each and each depositor have the proper to come to be a member. contributors attend the annual meeting and are given the right to elect a board of directors. •    Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 What is the Co-operative and its significance? 11.5    Procedure for Registration of a Society The Societies Registration Act, 1860 is legislation in India which allows the registration of entities generally involved in the benefit of society – education, health, employment etc. The British Indian Empire, with a wish to encourage such activities and to promote the formal organization of groups of likeminded people, incorporated the Act 21 of 1860, in other words, the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860), which came into force on 21 May 1860. In post-independence India, the Act continues until today and being an Act of Parliament, comes under the Right to give any information requested by any citizen of India with respect to any society. In Bangladesh, Burma and Pakistan, all previously part of the British Raj, the Act also continues. In Brunei, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, similar legislations for the registration of societies are also in place. To Information Act, wherein the government is legally responsible •    Background The Indian Societies Registration Act of 1860 was enacted under the British Raj in India, but is largely still in force in India today. It provides for the registration of literary, scientific and charitable societies. Under the Act societies may be formed, by way of a memorandum of association, by any seven or more people associated for any literary, scientific or charitable purpose. The memorandum of association has to be filed with the Registrar of Societies. The memorandum has to contain the name of the society, its objects, and the names, addresses, and occupations of the members of the governing body, by whatever name it may be called, duly signed for consent by all the members forming the society. A copy of the rules and regulations of the society also has to be filed along with the memorandum of association. A fee of is. 50 is payable in cash, for registration. •    Apply In-Person •    Application for registration of society has to be submitted to the Jurisdictional District Registrars/Registrar of society office. •    As a first step, please Check for name availability •    Please go to the respective office. Obtain the application form. •    Submit the completed application form attach required documents along with the requisite fees in 2 copies to the respective authority. •    On receiving the application, the registrar will sign the first copy as acknowledgment and return it while keeping the second copy for approval. •    This application will be processed further. After due diligence and verification of documents, the registrar will issue an Incorporation certificate with registration number. •    The delivery of these documents to the applicant fulfill the society registration process. •    Self-Check Exercise-3 Q .1 Elaborate about the Society and procedure for its registration. 11.6    Summary Co-operatives are member-owned and democratically controlled organizations that operate for the mutual benefit of their members. They play a significant role in development by promoting economic self-reliance, equitable distribution of resources, and social solidarity. Co-operatives empower individuals, particularly in rural and marginalized communities, by providing access to credit, markets, and essential services. They foster inclusive growth by ensuring that profits and benefits are shared among members rather than concentrated in the hands of a few. Additionally, co-operatives contribute to sustainable development by encouraging responsible resource management and community-oriented practices. In summary, co-operatives are vital for fostering economic empowerment, social equity, and sustainable development, making them crucial instruments for inclusive growth and community well-being. 11.7    Glossary •    Co-operatives: A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. •    Society: Society is a concept used to describe the structured relations and institutions among a large community of people which cannot be reduced to a simple collection or aggregation of individuals. 11.8    Answer to Self-Check ExerciseSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 11.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 11.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 11.5 11.9    References/Suggested Readings 2.    R. K. Sapru: Development Administration. Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002 3.    S.K. Sharma & S.P. Verma: Development Administration, IIPS New Delhi, 1984. 4.    S.L. Goyal: Quarterly Journal of India Institute of public (ed) Administration, Special issue on Right to Information july-september, 2009 . 5.    United Nations: Administration of Development Programms and Projects: Some major Issues, New York, 1971. 6.    Anupama Puri Mahajan (2019) Development Administration in India, Sage Publishers, New Delhi. 7.    https://www.vedantu.com/commerce/cooperative-society 8.    https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-studies/forms-of-business-organisations/cooperative-society/ 9.    https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/what-is-a-cooperative 10.    https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity 11.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societies_Registration_Act,_1860 11.10 Terminal Questions Q.1 What do you understand by Co-operative societies and its significance? Q.2 Explain the procedure for registration of a society. UNIT-12 Strategies for Women’s Development and their participation in Development. Women empowerment & Women Led Development Structure 12.1    Introduction 12.2    Learning Objective 12.3    Definitions of Women Empowerment Self-Check Exercise-1 12.4    Characteristics of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development Self-Check Exercise-2 12.5    Nature of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development Self-Check Exercise-3 12.6    Scope of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development Self-Check Exercise-4 12.7    Significance of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development Self-Check Exercise-5 12.8    Summary 12.9    Glossary 12.10    Answer to Self-Check Exercise 12.11    References/Suggested Readings 12.12    Terminal Questions 12.1    Introduction The concept of empowerment flows from the power. It is vesting where it does not exist or exist inadequately. Empowerment of women would mean equipping women to be economically independent, self-reliant, have positive esteem to enable them to face any difficult situation and they should be able to participate in development activities. The empowered women should be able to participate in the process of decision making. In India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD1985) and the National Commission for Women (NCW) have been worked to safeguard the rights and legal entitlement of women. The 73rd &74th Amendments (1993) to the constitution of India have provided some special powers to women that for reservation of seats (33%), whereas the report HRD as March 2002 shows that the legislatures with the highest percentage of women are Sweden 42.7%, Denmark 38%, Finland 36% and Iceland 34.9%. In India ‘’The New Panchayati Raj ‘’ is the part of the effort to empower women at least at the village level. Now the women in India enjoy a unique status of equality with the men as per constitutional and legal provision. But the Indian women have come a long way to achieve the present positions. First, gender inequality in India can be traced back to the historic days of Mahabharata when Draupadi was put on the dice by her husband as a commodity. History is a witness that women were made to dance both in private and public places to please the man. Secondly, in Indian society, a female was always dependent on male members of the family even last few years ago. Thirdly, a female was not allowed to speak with loud voice in the presence of elder members of her in-laws. In the family, every faults had gone to her and responsible. Forth, as a widow her dependence on male members of the family still more increase. In many social activities she is not permitted to mix with other members of the family. Other hand, she has very little share in political, social and economic life of the society. After independence of India, the constitution makers and the national leaders recognized the equal social position of women with men. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 has determined the age for marriage, provided for monogamy and guardianship of the mother and permitted the dissolution of marriage under specific circumstances. Under the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, an unmarried women, widow or divorce of sound mind can also take child in adoption. Similarly, the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 says that any person who gives, takes, or abets the giving or taking of dowry shall be punished with imprisonment, which may extend to six months or fine up to Rs.5000/ or with both. The Constitution of India guarantees equality of sexes and in fact grants special favors to women. These can be found in three articles of the constitution. Article 14 says that the government shall not deny to any person equality before law or equal protection of the law. Article 15 declares that government shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of sex. Article 15 (3) makes a special provision enabling the state to make affirmative discriminations in favor of women. Article 42 directs the state to make provision for ensuring just and human conditions of work and maternity relief. Above all, the constitution regards a fundamental duty on every citizen through Articles 15 (A), (E) to renounce the practices derogatory to the dignity of women 12.2    Learning Objectives After Learning through this lesson the students will be able to know: •    Definition & Characteristics of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development •    Nature of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development Scope & Significance of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development 12.3    Definitions of Women Empowerment Women's empowerment is the process of empowering women. Empowerment raises the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training. Women's Empowerment equips and allows women to take life-determining decisions. They may get the Opportunity to redefine gender roles, which in turn provide them more freedom to pursue desired goals. Women are taken as secondary to men in their social role by many of the philosophers. “Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Rousseau, and are not physically or mentally fit to participate in politics on equal terms with men” (Barro, p. 2). Women empowerment is a significant topic of discussion in development and economics. Economic empowerment allows women in controlling and getting benefit from resources, assets and incomes. It also grows ability to manage risks and improves well-being. It refers to women's ability to make strategic life choices which had been previously denied them. The worlds, Nations, businesses, communities and groups may benefit from women empowerment. It enhances the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development. Empowerment is a “social action process that promotes participation of people, organizations, and communities in gaining control over their lives in their community and larger societies” (Stein, 1997). Empowerment means:- •    Having control or gaining further control •    Having a say and being listen to •    Being able to define and create from women’s perspective •    Being able to influence social choices and decisions affecting the whole society ( not just area of society accepted as women’s place) •    Being recognized and respected as equal citizens and human beings with as contribution to make •    having control, or gaining further control; •    having a say and being listened to; •    being able to define and create from a women’s perspective; •    being able to influence social choices and decisions affecting the whole society (not just having control, or gaining further control; having a say and being listened to; being able to define and create from a women’s perspective; There are four waves of feminist movement. The first wave occurred in the 19th and early 20th century movement for women’s right to vote. The second wave in1960s and 1970s, moved for equal legal and social rights. The third wave began in the 1990s, refers to a continuation and reaction to second-wave. The fourth wave that began in 2012 and continues till now, talks about women empowerment. The fourth wave seeks greater gender equality by focusing on gendered norms and marginalization of women in society. Traditionally, women are considered marginalized group especially women of colors and transgender women. Fourth-wave feminist’s advocate for greater representation of these groups in politics and business, and argue that society will be more equitable if policies and practices incorporated the perspectives of all people. Fourthwave of feminism argues for equal pay for equal work and the equal opportunities sought for girls and women and to overcome gender norms, for example expressing emotions and feelings freely, expressing themselves physically as they wish, and to be engaged parents to their • Self-Check Exercise-1 Q.1 Definitions of women empowerment, Elaborate. 12.4 Characteristics of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development Training of personnel of executive, legislative and judicial wings of the State, with a special focus on policy and programme framers, implementation and development agencies, law enforcement machinery and the judiciary, as well as non-governmental organizations will be undertaken. Other measures will include: (a)    Promoting societal awareness to gender issues and women’s human rights. (b)    Review of curriculum and educational materials to include gender education and human rights issues (c)    Removal of all references derogatory to the dignity of women from all public documents and legal instruments. (d)    Use of different forms of mass media to communicate social messages relating to women’s equality and empowerment. •    Welfare Orientated: This approach considers women as the workforce and target for development. Women are beneficiaries but not active participants in development. •    Efficiency Driven: This approach considers women, essentially, not as beneficiaries of intervention, but as major resource in development. If development is more efficient, it must include the participation of women. It keeps women into the mainstream of development and assumes that if they participate, they will automatically benefit. •    Equity Approach: This approach wants promoting women’s status, power and control so that they can be effectively equal with men. It seems women equal right. •    Empowerment Approach: Feminists seek to empower themselves through greater selfreliance. Women seek to influence their own change and the right to determine their own choices in life. It seems women need appropriate resources to achieve self-sufficiency. •    Gender Sensitization and Developmental Approach: It recognizes the active involvement of women in development by utilizing the capacity of women at the optimum level. It can be achieved by planning and implementation of the programs. • Self-Check Exercise-2 Q.1 What is the characterstics of women empowerment? 12.5    Nature of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. From the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has been a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues from welfare to development. In recent years, the empowerment of women has been recognized as the central issue in determining the status of women. The National Commission for Women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women. The 73rd and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution of India have provided for reservation of seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women, laying a strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels. •    India has also ratified various international conventions and human rights instruments committing to secure equal rights of women. Key among them is the ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1993. •    The Mexico Plan of Action (1975), the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies (1985), the Beijing Declaration as well as the Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome Document adopted by the UNGA Session on Gender Equality and Development & Peace for the 21st century, titled "Further actions and initiatives to implement the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action" have been unreservedly endorsed by India for appropriate follow up. •    The Policy also takes note of the commitments of the Ninth Five Year Plan and the other Sectoral Policies relating to empowerment of Women. •    The women’s movement and a wide-spread network of non-Government Organizations which have strong grass-roots presence and deep insight into women’s concerns have contributed in inspiring initiatives for the empowerment of women. •    However, there still exists a wide gap between the goals enunciated in the Constitution, legislation, policies, plans, programmes, and related mechanisms on the one hand and the situational reality of the status of women in India, on the other. This has been analyzed extensively in the Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India, "Towards Equality", 1974 and highlighted in the National Perspective Plan for Women, 1988-2000, the Shramshakti Report, 1988 and the Platform for Action, Five Years After- An assessment" •    Gender disparity manifests itself in various forms, the most obvious being the trend of continuously declining female ratio in the population in the last few decades. Social stereotyping and violence at the domestic and societal levels are some of the other manifestations. Discrimination against girl children, adolescent girls and women persists in parts of the country. 1.9 The underlying causes of gender inequality are related to social and economic structure, which is based on informal and formal norms, and practices. •    Consequently, the access of women particularly those belonging to weaker sections including Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/ Other backward Classes and minorities, majority of whom are in the rural areas and in the informal, unorganized sector – to education, health and productive resources, among others, is inadequate. Therefore, they remain largely marginalized, poor and socially excluded. • Self-Check Exercise-3 Q.1 Discuss about the Nature of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development. 12.6    Scope of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development Women's empowerment equips and allows women to make life-determining decisions through the different societal problems. They may have the opportunity to redefine gender roles or other such roles, which allow them more freedom to pursue desired goals. Women's empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics. Economic empowerment allows women to control and benefit from resources, assets, and income. It also aids the ability to manage risk and improve women's well-being. It can result in approaches to support trivialized genders in a particular political or social context. While often interchangeably used, the more comprehensive concept of gender empowerment concerns people of any gender, stressing the distinction between biological and gender as a role. Women empowerment helps boost women's status through literacy, education, training and awareness creation. Furthermore, women's empowerment refers to women's ability to make strategic life choices that had been previously denied them. Nations, businesses, communities and groups may benefit from implementing programs and policies that adopt the notion of female empowerment. Women's empowerment enhances the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development. Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development. Policies, programmes and systems will be established to ensure mainstreaming of women’s perspectives in all developmental processes, as catalysts, participants and recipients. Wherever there are gaps in policies and programmes, women specific interventions would be undertaken to bridge these. Coordinating and monitoring mechanisms will also be devised to assess from time to time the progress of such mainstreaming mechanisms. Women’s issues and concerns as a result will specially be addressed and reflected in all concerned laws, sectoral policies, plans and programmes of action. Economic Empowerment of women Poverty Eradication •    Since women comprise the majority of the population below the poverty line and are very often in situations of extreme poverty, given the harsh realities of intra-household and social discrimination, macroeconomic policies and poverty eradication programmes will specifically address the needs and problems of such women. There will be improved implementation of programmes which are already women oriented with special targets for women. Steps will be taken for mobilization of poor women and convergence of services, by offering them a range of economic and social options, along with necessary support measures to enhance their capabilities Micro Credit •    In order to enhance women’s access to credit for consumption and production, the establishment of new and strengthening of existing micro-credit mechanisms and microfinance institution will be undertaken so that the outreach of credit is enhanced. Other supportive measures would be taken to ensure adequate flow of credit through extant financial institutions and banks, so that all women below poverty line have easy access to credit. Women and Economy •    Women’s perspectives will be included in designing and implementing macro-economic and social policies by institutionalizing their participation in such processes. Their contribution to socio-economic development as producers and workers will be recognized in the formal and informal sectors (including home based workers) and appropriate policies relating to employment and to her working conditions will be drawn up. Such measures could include: Reinterpretation and redefinition of conventional concepts of work wherever necessary e.g. in the Census records, to reflect women’s contribution as producers and workers. Preparation of satellite and national accounts. Globalization has presented new challenges for the realization of the goal of women’s equality, the gender impact of which has not been systematically evaluated fully. However, from the microlevel studies that were commissioned by the Department of Women & Child Development, it is evident that there is a need for re-framing policies for access to employment and quality of employment. Benefits of the growing global economy have been unevenly distributed leading to wider economic disparities, the feminization of poverty, increased gender inequality through often deteriorating working conditions and unsafe working environment especially in the informal economy and rural areas. Strategies will be designed to enhance the capacity of women and empower them to meet the negative social and economic impacts, which may flow from the globalization process. Women and Agriculture •    In view of the critical role of women in the agriculture and allied sectors, as producers, concentrated efforts will be made to ensure that benefits of training, extension and various programmes will reach them in proportion to their numbers. The programmes for training women in soil conservation, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock including small animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc. will be expanded to benefit women workers in the agriculture sector. Women and Industry •    The important role played by women in electronics, information technology and food processing and agro industry and textiles has been crucial to the development of these sectors. They would be given comprehensive support in terms of labour legislation, social security and other support services to participate in various industrial sectors. •    Women at present cannot work in night shift in factories even if they wish to. Suitable measures will be taken to enable women to work on the night shift in factories. This will be accompanied with support services for security, transportation etc. Support Services •    The provision of support services for women, like child care facilities, including crèches at work places and educational institutions, homes for the aged and the disabled will be expanded and improved to create an enabling environment and to ensure their full cooperation in social, political and economic life. Women-friendly personnel policies will also be drawn up to encourage women to participate effectively in the developmental process. Social Empowerment of Women Education •    Equal access to education for women and girls will be ensured. Special measures will be taken to eliminate discrimination, universalize education, eradicate illiteracy, create a gender-sensitive educational system, increase enrolment and retention rates of girls and improve the quality of education to facilitate life-long learning as well as development of occupation/vocation/technical skills by women. Reducing the gender gap in secondary and higher education would be a focus area. Sectoral time targets in existing policies will be achieved, with a special focus on girls and women, particularly those belonging to weaker sections including the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Other Backward Classes/Minorities. Gender sensitive curricula would be developed at all levels of educational system in order to address sex stereotyping as one of the causes of gender discrimination. Health •    A holistic approach to women’s health which includes both nutrition and health services will be adopted and special attention will be given to the needs of women and the girl at all stages of the life cycle. The reduction of infant mortality and maternal mortality, which are sensitive indicators of human development, is a priority concern. This policy reiterates the national demographic goals for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) set out in the National Population Policy 2000. Women should have access to comprehensive, affordable and quality health care. Measures will be adopted that take into account the reproductive rights of women to enable them to exercise informed choices, their vulnerability to sexual and health problems together with endemic, infectious and communicable diseases such as malaria, TB, and water borne diseases as well as hypertension and cardio-pulmonary diseases. The social, developmental and health consequences of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases will be tackled from a gender perspective. •    To effectively meet problems of infant and maternal mortality, and early marriage the availability of good and accurate data at micro level on deaths, birth and marriages is required. Strict implementation of registration of births and deaths would be ensured and registration of marriages would be made compulsory. •    In accordance with the commitment of the National Population Policy (2000) to population stabilization, this Policy recognizes the critical need of men and women to have access to safe, effective and affordable methods of family planning of their choice and the need to suitably address the issues of early marriages and spacing of children. Interventions such as spread of education, compulsory registration of marriage and special programmes like BSY should impact on delaying the age of marriage so that by 2010 child marriages are eliminated. 6.5 Women’s traditional knowledge about health care and nutrition will be recognized through proper documentation and its use will be encouraged. The use of Indian and alternative systems of medicine will be enhanced within the framework of overall health infrastructure available for women. 12.7    Significance of Women Empowerment & Women Led Development Generally women are backward part of society. A society never be developed keeping its women in dark. Women are deprived of decision making power, freedom of movement, access to education & employment and scapegoat of domestic violence. Women face gender discrimination, inequality and socially oppressed people with the burden of dowry, child marriage and other crimes like raping, killing, and humiliation Women empowerment helps improving the standard life of women in rural and cities, preventing crimes against women, reducing domestic violence, bringing lots of social and economic gains, solving societal issues like poverty, unemployment and birth control, achieving comprehensive growth in every sector of society. It can help in nation building process by joining in defense forces, social service, politics, education and corporate levels. Women empowerment helps women promoting education which leads to employ a large number of populations. It is actually a social development as a whole. It provides equity and equality for women in every aspects of life. That leads to a safer and peaceful environment for all worldwide. According to Kate Young (1993), empowerment enables women` to take control of their own lives, set their own agenda, organize to help each other and make demands on the state for support and on the society itself for change’. The goal of this Policy is to bring about the advancement, development, and empowerment of women. The Policy will be widely disseminated to encourage active participation of all stakeholders for achieving its goals. Specifically, the objectives of this Policy include •    Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies for full development of women to enable them to realize their full potential •    The de-jure and de-facto enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedom by women on equal basis with men in all spheres – political, economic, social, cultural and civil •    Equal access to participation and decision making of women in social, political and economic life of the nation •    Equal access to women to health care, quality education at all levels, career and vocational guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and safety, social security and public office etc. •    Strengthening legal systems aimed at elimination of all forms of discrimination against women •    Changing societal attitudes and community practices by active participation and involvement of both men and women. •    Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process. •    Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women and the girl child; and •    Building and strengthening partnerships with civil society, particularly women’s organizations • Self-Check Exercise-5 Q.1 Discuss about the significance of women empowerment. 12.8    Summary Women's empowerment in India is a critical aspect of the country's socio-economic development, aiming to provide women with equal opportunities, rights, and access to resources. Efforts to empower women include improving access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Initiatives like the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme, self-help groups, and skill development programs are designed to enhance women's literacy, financial independence, and participation in the workforce. Legal reforms and policies addressing gender-based violence, discrimination, and promoting political representation further support women's rights. By empowering women, India aims to create a more inclusive and equitable society, driving overall national progress and development. 12.9    Glossary •    Women’s empowerment: Women's Empowerment or Women Empowering is theprocess of giving women more power. It improves women's sense of self importance •    Strategic Women’s Development: Women in development is an approach of development projects that emerged in the 1960s, calling for treatment of women's issues in development projects. 12.10    Answer to Self-Check ExercisesSelf-check Exercise-1 Ans 1. Refer to section 12.3 Self-check Exercise-2 Ans 1. Refer to section 12.4 Self-check Exercise-3 Ans 1. Refer to section 12.5 Self-check Exercise-4 Ans 1. Refer to section 12.6 Self-check Exercise-5 Ans 1. Refer to section 12.7 12.11    References/Suggested Readings 1.    R. K. Sapru: Develolpment Administration. Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002 2.                   S.K. Sharma & S.P. Verma: Development Administration, IIPS New Delhi, 1984. 3.    S.L. Goyal: QuaqrterlyJounal of India Institute of public (ed) Administration, Special issue on Right to Information july-september, 2009 . 4.    https://indiancc.mygov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/mygov-1000000000555359285.pdf 5.    https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1133660.pdf 6.    https://www.ripublication.com/ijepa/ijepav1n3_1.pdf 7.    https://wcd.nic.in/womendevelopment/national-policy-women-empowerment#:~:text=The%20principle%20of%20gender%20equality,discrimin ation%20in%20favour%20of%20women. 8.    https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1825436 9.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment 12.12    Terminal Questions Q.1 What do you understand by women’s empowerment? Q.2 Discuss about women’s led development?