---
title: "Vol 1 0"
book: "PG MPUB 201 (2nd Sem) Sustainable Development Admn"
category: "PG MPUB"
publisher: "Ratan Prakashan Mandir Pvt. Ltd."
type: "Educational Material"
---







According to Latest Syllabus
Read For Sure Success
In University Examination
RATAN
TEXT BOOK
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Vol-1
M.A.Pub.Ad. (Sem-II)
Dr. Sukumar Dey
Published by
Ratan Prakashan Mandir Pvt. Ltd.
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UNIT -1
Development Administration: Meaning Nature and Scope, Development Administration and Traditional Development
Administration Dichotomy.
Structure

1.1    Introduction

1.2    Learning Objective
Self Check Exercise-1

1.3    Development Administration and Public Administration (Scope)
Self Check Exercise-2

1.4    Problems in Development Administration
Self Check Exercise-3

1.5    Dimensions of Development Administration
Self Check Exercise-4

1.6    Development Administration and Traditional Development Administration Dichotomy
Self Check Exercise-5

1.7    Summary

1.8    Glossary

1.9    Answer to Self Check Exercises

1.10    References/Suggested Readings

1.11    Terminal Questions

1.1    Introduction
Development is the center of politics of the so-called Third World and governments play a key role in national development. Public Administration is considered an important mechanism in this development process. Government uses its administrative authority to achieve national development task by formulating, organizing and implementing large- scale action programmes. To handle these complex Activities of the government, instrument of development administration is employed-Development administration is an instrumental means for defining consolidating and implementing national goals in developing countries.
The concept of development administration emerged shortly after the Second World War, although one American scholar claimed its emergence in the beginning of 1960’s about the time when public administration had reached in zenith.
But since the mid-1960s, the label development administration has acquired growing popularity in developing countries, although it is not entirely clear what that label means. One source of this trend is the
iew that it is the new name given by the sources is the new name of this trends the view that it is the n name given by the scholars of public administrations especially American to the developing countries so that through this the Government of these countries could carry out development programmes and projects. As one article indicates it; “The emerging problem is how to combine skills which exist in these (developing) countries and bring them to bear more affectively in action programmes which will accelerate (Economic growth, expand social well-being, and improve public services. This. is the essence of development
administration”, in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, the need of development administration has been well recognised as a means of implementing policies and plans directed towards nation-building and socio-economic progress. The basic assumption towards developmentadministration is the “focus of attention on the building and improvement of the public administration system as part of tile total effort of national development.”
V.A. Paul Panaudikar says that the essence of development administration is holistic change undertaken through integrated, organized and properly directly Government actions” Development administration places and emphasis on political commitment to specific developmental
goals and objectives.

• Concept and Meaning
A number of scholars of public administration allied disciplines have -attempted to define the concept, of development administration. Some have defined it from a strictly economic perspective. The public administration dictionary defines development administration as “the enhancement or improvement of techniques, process, and system organized to increase the administrative capacity ofa nation, usually a newly emerging nations”. Martin Landau defines it as the “engineering of social change.” He defines it “as a directive and directional process which is intendedto make things happen in a certain way over intervals of time.”
To Edward W. Weidner,“development administration is concerned with maximizing innovationfor development.” He defines innovation for development as “the process of planned oriented change”. In the same voice, Johan Montgomery defines the development administration as “carrying out planned change in the economy (in agriculture or industry, or the capital infrastructure supportingeither of these, and to lesser extent. In the social services of the state (especially education and public health,” Similarly Inayatuallah defines it as “the complex of organizational arrangements for the achievement of action through public authority in pursuance of (1) Socioeconomic goals and (2) nation-building. It presupposes policies. Plans and programmes with a distinct development basis as well-as a bureaucracy which consciously and continually seeks to modernize itself to meet the demands of planned change.”
Fred W. Riggs defines development administration as “organized efforts to carry out programmes or projects thought by those involved to serve development objective.” Further placing and emphasis on administration of development and development of administration, Riggs observes that “development administration refers not only to a government’s efforts to carry out programmes designed to reshape its physical, human and cultural environment, but also to the struggle to enlarge a government’s capacity to engage in such programme.”
Looking at various definition, it is found that the primary-objective of development administration is to strengthen the administrative machinery which would bring about socio-politico-economic development.
In brief development administration is tlie process of carrying our development programmes and projects in the direction of nation-building and socio-economic progress through an administration apparatus. Itis through public as well as non-public organizations and their proper management that a developing country can carry development policy measures for the realization of national goals and objectives.
It may be emphasized that concept of development Administration has two major aspects. One aspect of it refers to ‘development of administration. This means to develop administration. It involves strengthening and improving administrative capabilities as a mean for achieving development goals. The other aspects of it is ‘administration of development.” According to this interpretation, we expect development administration (administrative organization) to act as an instrument in the implementation of development programmes, projects and polices. This may involve raising the standards of education, transforming social system, improving public health, raising national income, stabilizing political systems conserving national resources, improving communication system, constructive dams, power plants and undertaking many other development tasks of national importance.
Thus it has two aspects. These are two sides of one coin. In this context, Fred W. Riggs very aptly remarks : The reciprocal relatedness of these two sides involves a chicken and egg type of causation. Administration cannot normally be improves very much without changes in the environmentalconstraints (theinfrastructure) thathamperitseffectiveness; andtheenvironmentitself cannot be changed unless the administration to developmental programmes is strengthened. Useless the administrative effectiveness of Government is increased, the development objective which a development countrymay aspire for fulfillment cannot beachieved.
Thus the field of development administration covers both the development of administration and administration of development. The former concerns the nature of administrative capacity for development and methods of improving and increasing it. The latter concerns the organization and management of various developmentefforts.

• Self-Check Exercise-1

Q.1 Write a short note on development administration.

Q.2 Discuss about the Concept and Meaning of development administration.

1.2 Learning Objective: After studying this lesson the students will be able to know about:

•    The concept of Development Administration

•    Scope of DevelopmentAdministration

•    Functions performed by Development Administration

•    Dimensions of Development Administration

•    Challenges faced by the Development

1.3 Development Administration and Public Administration (Scope)
The concept of Development administration is a widely recognized concept these days and it has significantlystimulated the interest of scholars, not onlyof public administration but also of other social sciences, it is being attended to heavily in the developing countries with a view to orienting it to
development aspects (programmes and projects related to socio-economic progress) of administration. Development administration in concerned with the design and building of sound systems. It does not imply that development administration is subservient to public administration, Development administration is as much important as the public administration. The former refers to organized efforts to carry out development-oriented goes, the latter to general or regulatory administration of the Government to quote Shou-Sheng Hsueh, ‘development administration is essentially a public administration to maintain the general activity of the Government as a going concern. On the other hand, development administration, as the expression implies, lays emphasis on the role of public administration which to develop the activity, of the government, especially in the economic, political and socio-fields. Thus Hsueh does not draw a clear line between the developmental and the general activities of the administration.
The traditional public administration is concerned with maintenance of law and order, collection of revenue and application of rules, policies, etc. But it differs from development administration in its objective and scope. First, development administration is a goal -oriented administration which is geared us to the objectives of national-building and socio-economic progress. Second, it lays emphasis on increasing the administrative capacity for development. The first may be referred to as ‘administration of development’ and second as ‘development’ of administration’. Thus development administration has a wide scope of activities than the one public administration has. it does not Saul M.’ Katz observes: ‘No longer is it limited to the maintenance of law and order, the provision of some limited public services, and the collection of taxes; rather it is specifically involved in the mobilization of resources and their allocation to a great variety of development activities, on a massive Scale”. I5 follows from Katz’s views that development
administration is charged with the increasing responsibility of carrying out planned change in the economic, social and political fields. However, while making a distinction between development administration and public administration their respective importance should not be lost sight of. Tarlok Singh, in the context of development administration in India, agrees: “The character of the prevailing structure of general administration has a decisive influence on the strength and weakness of development administration. This is because of links which subsist between general and development administration”. The objective of development administration is the attainment of development goals. As an applied discipline of public administration, it claims an important share in policy making and in the choice of ends-not the basis mms of the State, but important programmatic
goals or purposes. It is the word ‘development’ that is important that draws a fine of demarcation between the two-public administration and development administration.
Following the Second World War the functions of the governments have increased, in size and number. But with this, serious imbalance has emerged between the hopes of the people and realities and between the needs of development and their fulfillments. This has resulted in set-back of national development. In order to carry out the growing functions of the government, the administration system, which until recently had only been looking after the general and regulatory administration, needs to be developed, adapted or expanded. Apparently this involves not only expansion, of improvement or even basic reorganization of administrative system but also enhancement of the capabilities of administration involved in the task of national development. This type of administrative system is currently termed as ‘development administration’. It is an interdisciplinary subject of response to the development needs of the so-called Third world’.
Before the 1960s in the Government organization there was emphasis on attaining economy and efficiency, but with the expansion in the function of Government to cope with complex problems and urgent demands of national development, many administrative reform now recognize that economic and efficient management is not enough. The administrative machinery must be geared to the pursuit of new development goals. Bryant very aptly remarks : “with the awakening issues of human rights and basic human needs, and a changing international order, development administrative can and must address equity and redistributive issues with a focus on the implementation problems that these issues raise’. Development administration embraces and emphatic concern with focus on implementing developmental policies.

• Function
The nature and functions of development administration very among developing countries 6
depending upon their economic, social and political system. Nevertheless, there is a convergence of experience about the increasing role of the Government in managing national development. This puts development administration as the process of carrying out development programmes and projects in the direction of nation-building and socio economics progress through public organizations. Thus, the principal function of development administration is to carry out development programmes and project attuned to the development objectives of national building and socio-economic progress and to strengthen and the government’s capacity to engage in such programmes and projects.
The functions of development administration, however, can be put into two categories:

1.    Functions concerned with development of administration; and

2.    Functions concerned with administration of development.

(1)    Development of Administration
The category of development administration is concerned with increasing and improving the capabilities of the administrative system. Clearly if the developmental goals are to be carried out successfully with efficiency and effectiveness, there is the concomitant need of increasing the capacity of those involved in development tasks. Apparently development administration has to perform the function of improving the education of, and imparting training to, the personnel engaged in developmental goals.
Although policy making, planning and budgeting are advisory functions of development administrators, yet they constitute of significant part of efforts of enhance administrative capacity for development. Administrative capability also involves the use of modem management techniques and other ways and means to indentify individual objectives with development goals. Katx says; ‘Administrative capability for development involves the ability to mobilize, allocate and combine the action that are technically needed to achieve development objectives”.

(ii)    Administration of Development
The second category of development administration concerns the administration of development which is further simplistically means as administering development. This is identified withorganisational developments-Governmentdepartments,publicenterprises,regulatoryagencies. Public corporations, co- operative institutions, etc. The Government machinery is responsible for achieving the broader socioeconomic and political goals. Precisely development administration has two main functions; one relates to realizing development goals and objectives, the other to improving and enhancing capabilities of those involved in development goal-, and objectives.

• Self-Check Exercise-2

Q.1 Discuss about the Development Administration and Public Administration.

1.4    Problems in Development Administration
Most problems in the practice of development administration of developing countries are inherent and therefore can be traced to the concern of general administration. For the development goals which the new nations have set for realization are new and, therefore, different from those of traditional goals. However, in the achievement of development goals, developing countries are faced
with many problems. Some of them are as follows : Lack of experienced administrators as well as highlydeveloped technocrats
in specialized fields, lack of modem management techniques; poor methods adopted in policymaking planning and budgeting; procedural delays; lack of sufficient discipline and commitment to plans and programmes implement; poor direction, coordination and relationship between the generalists and specialist; poor organization of public enterprises, Government departments, boards and regulatory agencies and financial institutions existence of traditional attitudes, old customs, inappropriate language, and religious beliefs; poor response of the people and lack of political support to the development programmes and projects; andfinally poor financesandmaterialresources The basic problem of development administration is how to convert the traditional administrators into modem administrators and how to improve - and strengthen capabilities ofadministrators who man the development administration so that it carries out the programmes and projects attuned to developmental goal of nation- building and socio-economic progress.

• Self Check Exercise-3
Q.1 Discuss about the problems in development administration.

1.5    Dimensions of Development Administration
The field of development administration can be talked about various (context but its applicability depends upon mainly the systems which affect it and in turn is affected by the systems. The problem is that of goal -realization which can be linked to any setting of systems. For our propose, we purpose to link development administration with the following context:

i.    Political Context

ii.    Economic context

iii.    Social context

i.    Political Context
Much of the discussion of administrative development refers to the proliferation and expansion of the bureaucratic organization to the main instruments for programme implementation, Though one cannot discard the role played by the political parties, interest groups, legislatures, courts, electorate in the political development which Riggs says, “it itself a fundamental requisite for a better life, for the world and the people of the new nations, and that progress in public administration and economic growth will not automatically promote political development.” However, it may be pointed out as fainsod asserts that “improvements in the effectiveness of development administration ultimately depend on9the quality and training of the public servants who
man it and on a social and political environment which liberates their energies. Needless to emphasize that bureaucracy has much to determine in the success for failure of governmental plans. Now bureaucracy in mainly referred to as rule of administrative officials’, to Riggs, it is “a concrete organization, composed of hierarchically related roles, serving formally as agent for a large socialentity or system.” The persons assuming such roles are engaged in actions which are primarily administrative in function and as already stated and effectiveness of a Government to a large extentdepends upon the performance of its public servant. These public servants in many new states havetended to exercise political functions and in so doing they abuse their power. Though in many new states the exercise bureaucratic power is balanced by the “countervailing power of a set of extra - bureaucratic institutions, consisting essentially of an elected assembly an electoral system, and a party system. “And Riggs affirms this view” that the effective operation of any modem Government requires an approximate balance between the two Riggs suggests that a “strong constitutive system might exercise substantial power and improve effective control over bureaucracy.” He opines thatthe basic thrust of public policy should be formed
through the ‘constitutive system’ and the “relative power of it (constitutive system) may be ascertained by its abilityto determine the choice of incumbents for the cabinet- level top—most position in the bureaucracy.” In this way a balance of power between the politics and administration and be maintained. In the United States and westernpolitics, this balance is alreadythere but in the developing countries in imbalance exists between the power of bureaucracy and the power of constitutive system. Riggs suggests: “In these systems (developing counties) priority needs to given to efforts to achieve balance, either by strengthening the constitutive system i.e., legislature, parties and elected politicians) or the bureaucracy, depending on which of these key institutions is relatively less powerful”.
Thus in the political context of administration there is the need of strengthening and improving boththepolitical as well as bureaucraticinstitutionssothatthedevelopmentalgoalswhich the developing countries have set are not hampered from realization. Improved administrative practices and democratic values largely conditions and success of administration of development in the developing democracies and therefore should go side to side.

ii.    Economic Context
In the economic context. Development administration has much do to. Now the economic well- being of the bureaucrats depends upon what they get in lieu of their administrative functions in
the form of cash payments, or salaries, bonus etc. As a matter of fact salary system of cash payment 10
has a stronger bearing on administration of development it provides that only living expenses and induces bureaucrats to work effectively but also contrariwise to make possible to control the administration To carryout development tasks, there is this a great need to the existence ofan adequate ‘economic base’. Riggs says, “The level of economic production must be high enough to cover not only the consumption needs of primary producers but also to support and army of employees, both public and private, who engage in secondary and tertiary occupation.” One of the basic aims of development of a country is to in increase the gross national product per capita. Now this depends upon heavily on economics development which in turn is determined by the factors of industrial production, both agricultural and non- agricultural, human and natural resources, capitals etc. On the other side, this level of economic growth and development in the country has to meet theexpensesof bureaucraticorganization andthe proliferation ofspecialized Government agencies. Thus in this was economic development not only conditions the creation of the kind and extent of bureaucracy it wishes but also provides effective economic control over the bureaucrats by which to assure greater efficiencyand effectiveness in the administration.
Precisely it may be said that a country which has a high level of economic production and can build up a strong bureaucracy capable of carrying out programmes which enhance economics productivity and greatly contributes to development goals defined in terms of nation-building and socio-economics progress. Riggs says, ‘But where the economy has not reached a sufficiently high level, quasi-salary mode or organizing the bureaucracy brings about the mining or resources and the spread of a parasitical class of sinecures who reduce productivity and hence diminish the range of free choice for their society, thereby contributing the economic regression the political breakdown”. Therefore, in the economic context of development administration, increase in national income enables the society to improve its administrative capabilities and thereby to contribute further to national development.

iii.    Social Context
The development administration is oriented to the task of sustaining improvement in social welfare. The provision of health services, housing, cultural amenities, education and a changes in the status of amenities, education and a changes in the status of women, protection of children and regulationof labour and improved status for workers, human rights etc. come in the purview of social sector which have to be administered keeping in view the national goal. These goals are taken into account because of the pressures from the formal organization which in the new states have grown in large number. These formal organisations appear to have come up on the shape of Western model’ such as Political parties, public and private corporations, legislatures trade unions, associating, etc. In the developing countries, these organizations have got normally vested interests and are often dominated by the persons who are either in the political parties or bureaucracy. These organizations appear to serve the interests of their leaders rather than of their members, in the developed system the argument is quite the reverse, here organization enhance the interests of their own members and mobilise the skills and energies of members for coordinated section to tend to control the surrounding environment. The contribute much to further development. But in countries which take effective organizations, development seems to be impeded in its planned action. Developing societies must develop such organizations as are capable of sustaining improvements in their organised activities.
In conclusion, it may be stated that the three dimensions of development-political, social and economic- aye quite inter-related to each other in their contexts of development administration. The political context of development administration, stresses the need of balance between politics and administration, the economic context emphasises rise in national income Per capita and social context, demand improvement in the well- being of the people which in the final analysis in the ultimate goal of development. Riggs concludes, “Suffice itto saythat one wayof judging the level of development of a society or social system may be the degree to which it exhibits the characteristics of balanced polity, organisation maturity, and the prevalence ofa salary system in its bureaucracies.

• Self-Check Exercise-4
Q.1 What are the Dimensions of Development Administration?

1.6    Development Administration and Traditional Development Administration Dichotomy
In the concept of development administration and traditional public administration; it has already been said earlier that public administration is employed for translating governmental programs into execution. Before its conceptual development, it was prevalent since the growth of government. As a process of operations in human activities and relationships, it can scarcely be reduced to any 12
common principle except at relatively high generality levels that are quite worthless for analytical or comparative purposes. So, it isn’t easy to chalk out any usable principle based on which development administration and traditional public administration can be distinguished.
The following are the differences between Development Administration and Traditional Development Administration:

•    Ecology
In the difference between development administration and traditional public administration of ecological perspective. The concept of development administration gets momentum in such a situation where nation-states exist in the ecology.
The main field of traditional public administration is a colonial society where the colonial government has little role in the people’s betterment. In fact, all the earlier administrative systems were also traditional. For the absence of economic complexity, minimum scientific can technological growth, and due to the very nature of agrarian society – traditional administration then existed with its tradition.

•    Objectives
Based on the ecological differences of development, administration and traditional public administration differ in their objectives. The objective of development administration is the total change of the system in a very planned way of giving up the country’s socioeconomic and political condition. The terminal condition of development administration is the image of a good society that is multidimensional in nature.
On the other hand, traditional public administration has only the objective of keeping the system going on as it is at present. Its main focus is to uphold the status quo. It is almost clear that the traditional bureaucratic system existed mainly for the upkeep of law and order, justice, and revenue collection, whether done on behalf of a monarch or a colonial power.

•    Scope
The objectives of the two administrative systems (development administration and traditional public administration) determine their scopes. For very natural reasons, the scope of traditional public administration is minimal. On the other hand, the scope of development administration is extensive for the multiplicity of development nature. It deals with the different dimensions of the society like political, economic administration, etc. different sectoral developments are equal by emphasized in development administration what is lacked by the traditional public administration.
• Nature

•    In the context of the nature of these two types of development administration and traditional public administration, there are several differences, which are as follows:

•    The Development administration is innovative in nature. It is involved in experimental and creative ideas. But traditional public administration parochial in nature and lacks positive thinking.

•    A prominent characteristic of traditional public administration is its upper-class orientation. The Development administration is dealt with all classes.

•    In the difference between development administration and traditional public administration, the traditional public administration is desk oriented and confined within an office. The Development administration is field-oriented. That is why the development administration maintains close contact with people. There is, theoretically, less gap between the administrator and the mass.

•    Traditional public administration is an executive type, and development administration is a managerial type. In traditional public administration, bureaucrats’ role is confined to the application of the law, and they have a sense of superiority. On the other hand, development administrators are concerned with mobilizing men and resources to realize socio-politico and economic development goals and objectives.

•    One of the main differences between development administration and traditional public administration is that the latter is static, and the former is dynamic. The traditional public administration is concerned with the maintenance of stability in society. But development is highly concerned with the changing ecology, and thus it is to maintain dynamics even through risk and problem.

•    The policy administration dichotomy is prevalent in traditional public administration. The Development administration denies this dichotic concept of politics and administration. It recognizes smooth co-operation between these two systems.

•    The concept of accountability draws much attention in development administration. In traditional public administration, accountability not necessarily goes to the people. But the civil servants in development administration are always accountable to the people as it is
employed for people

•    Structure

•    The structure is the anatomical framework of the system. It designates who is where and how of the organization. In respect of structure, development administration and traditional public administration differ from each other to a great extent. Among others, the basic ones are discussed below:

•    Due to its involvement in limited functions, the traditional public administration structure is very simple, and it displays a few differentiations. Development administration possesses a complex structure having greater differentiation. These complexities have resulted from the increased activities of the government. Subunits of development administration extend up to the grass-root level and formulate a complex network of units. This sort of network is absent in the traditional public administration.

•    In the difference between development administration and traditional public administration, the traditional public administration is generally conducted by the departmental management form. This pattern of administration is strict on formalities. At the same time, development administration is less dependent upon the departmental form. It assumes most frequently public corporations, joint-stock companies, etc. types of organizations. All these have special features quite different from the traditional administrative setup.

•    Process
There are some significant differences between development administration and traditional public administration’s respect for the various process. Such as: –

•    Leadership: In traditional public administration, leadership is authoritative. But in development administration, democratic leadership exercised for having legitimacy and cooperation from the people.

•    Decision Making: Decision making is centralized in traditional public administration almost there is no access of the people to decision making. In development administration, participative decision making is preferred. Here, there is a demand for regional planning, and thereby there is a decentralizing bias in development administration.

•    Communication: Development administration requires multi-dimensional communication
due to its very nature. Communication goes up and downward and lateral ways in development administration. But traditional public administration adheres to unidimensional communicational thus, naturally development administration observes a very complex network, whereas the traditional public administration has the opposite.

•    Co-Ordination: In the difference between development administration and traditional public administration, due to its complex structure, huge numbers of field offices working different levels, and multi-dimensional objectives, development administration requires a well-developed coordination system. In any development administrative system, co-ordination not within the governmental units but also with the local government units and international trends. On the other hand, the traditional public administration is not acquainted with such serious coordination problems.

•    Motivation: The methods of motivation in development administration are indirect, and in traditional public administration, it is direct. Civil servants in traditional public administration try to motivate people through the fear of peace or of punishment. But in development administration, it is achieved through the confidence of the people. Civil servants in development administration motivate the people not by imposing anything upon them by inducing and stimulating them.

•    Budget: In the difference between development administration and traditional public administration, traditional public administration generally formulates an accounting type of budget. Deficit financing is hardly grasped by it. Development administration formulates two types of budgets as revenue budget and development budget with sectoral allocations, plans programs, the traditional public administration lacks it.
Self Check Exercises-5
Q.1 How does development administration differ from traditional administration?

1.7    Summary
Development Administration involves the strategies and processes used by governments to foster national growth and enhance living conditions. It includes planning, organizing, and implementing various development initiatives. This field is dynamic, responding to the specific needs of developing nations, and spans multiple sectors such as health, education, and infrastructure. The distinction between development administration and traditional administration lies in their objectives; traditional administration focuses on stability and routine operations, while development administration emphasizes innovation, capacity building, and
proactive approaches to drive socio-economic advancement in evolving contexts.

1.8    Glossary

•    Development: It aims at development in socio-economic system of the country.

•    DevelopmentAdmnSrton: It forms the policies/programmes for the overall developmentof the country.

•    Administrative Development: Improvement in the administrative system of the organization to carry out the policies.

1.9    Answer to Self Check Exercises
Self-check Exercise-1
Ans 1. Refer to section 1.2
Ans 2. Refer to section 1.2
Self-check Exercise-2
Ans 1. Refer to section 1.3
Self-check Exercise-3
Ans 1. Refer to section 1.4
Self-check Exercise-4
Ans 1. Refer to section 1.5
Self-check Exercise-5
Ans 1. Refer to section 1.6

1.10    References/Suggested Readings

1.    R.K. Sapru,“Development Administration”, Sterling publishers New Delhi, New Delhi, 2002.

2.    Mohit Bhattacharya, “DevelopmentAdministration” Jawahar publishers, New Delhi 2001.

3.    R.D. Sharma, “DevelopmentAdministration in India”, Mittal Publication 2003

4.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/

5.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/

6.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-
goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_Eng lish&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9qdBh AOEiwAvxIok-OJyP-
K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfF17iXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-
poverty

7.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/

8.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles-And-Values.html

9.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable-development-2627798

10.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development-report-
2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20and% 20120%20in%202021.

11.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs

12.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf

13.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration

1.11    Terminal Questions
Q1. Critically examine the functions of Development Administration.

Q2. Discuss the socio-economic context of Development Administration
UNIT -2
Concept of Sustainable Development, Principles of Sustainable
Development, Criteria of Sustainable Development
Structure

2.1    Introduction

2.2    Learning Objectives

2.3    Managerial Needs of Social Development
Self-Check Exercise 1

2.4    Social Welfare Objectives in India.
Self-Check Exercise-2

2.5    Process of Economic Development
Self-Check Exercise-3

2.6    Components of Economic Development.
Self-Check Exercise-4

2.7    Principles of Sustainable Development
Self-Check Exercise-5

2.8    Summary

2.9    Glossary

2.10    Answer to self-check exercise

2.11    References/Suggested Readings

2.12    Terminal Questions

2.1    Introduction
Sustainable development is a multi-dimensional concept with three interacting angles-ecology, economics and ethics. The necessary conditions for achieving sustainable development are ecological security, economic efficiency and social equity. Sustainable development does not end with the sustainability of just the environment and resources system but requires the sustainability of also of economic and socialsystem.
Economic growth is a prerequisite if poverty is to be addressed. But distribution of growth must undergo a change and it must become less wasteful of natural resources in both rich and poor countries. Economic progress emphasizes qualitative and quantitative progress in the context of clean and qualitative improvement to socio-economic systems. Quantitative improvements reflect our capacity to convert physical resources-use into improved services for satisfying human wants. The conventional approach to explore relationship between the environment and economic progress ignores changes in technology and changes in consumer preferences. It treats expenditure on environmental protection as expenses rather than investments and affords non intrinsic value or economic value whatsoever to natural resources, e.g. clean air and clean water. Environmental and economic interdependence is strongly linked to the development and diffusion of technology. Economic growth and diffusion of environmentally sound technology can change the way in which goods and services are produced and also generate areas for realizing the gains of environment technology today relate to energy use and the development of alternative fuels, biotechnology and industrial process that reduce or prevent pollution.
The World Development Report, 1992 has pointed out that low resource prices, lack of accountabilityand enforcement and perverse contribute to a kind of situation in which environmental pollution has become an inevitable side effect of the achievement of economic objectives. For instance, the Los Angeles smog, water pollution in the major rivers like the Elke, Rhine and Ganga
and chemical poisoning by mercury in the Minamata, Japan. Industrial pollution has become the focus of attention in the recent past mainly due to disasters like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and the Chernobyle nucleardisaster.

•    Features of Social Development
Economic planning is but a partial approach to the problems of society unless the political, administrative and civic institutions on which it depends can in practice work with integrity, efficiency and goodwill and secure a large measure of popular support. Secondly, economic growth in overall statistical terms will leave large regions and numerous groups out of its pale. To that extent, it will provide fertile soil for discontent. Every important act of economic and social policy should, therefore, be seen and understood widely as part of a larger design of social change and development, a scheme for bringing greater opportunity to all parts of the country and to all sections of the population. During any given period, these latter cannot all advance equally orto the same level, but there has to be a basic harmony and interdependence between the advance of society as a whole and of its ‘different constituent units. Political education and training, effective counication between different sections of the community and clear grasp of their concerns and aspirations and of the tensions and discontents to which they might give rise, are essential elements in the success and stability of a system based on the values of freedom and democracy. If during recent years, divisive forces have sometimes appeared stronger and cementing forces weaker, if discontents have found at times unexpectedly brazen and anti-social expression, could this be because our view of social and economic problems and their inter relationship has not been complete enough, because the factors which make for successful political development have not received adequate thought, and because some crucial social and economic problems have been allowed to grow unresolved?

•    Tasks of Social Policy
The tasks which social policy should accomplish are:

a)    expansion of social services and their qualitative improvement, for instance, in education, health, family planning nutrition and housing,

b)    welfare and development of the weaker and more vulnerable sections of the population and more especially, of non -integrated groups, such as scheduled castes and the tribal people;

c)    development of supplementary welfare services at the level of the local area and the local community;

d)    social reform;

e)    provision of social security; and

f)    social change, including reduction in disparities of income and wealth, prevention of concentration of economic power and steps of equalise opportunities community.

2.2    Learning Objectives: After studying this lesson the students will be able to understand the:

•    Concept of Sustainable development

•    Economic and Social Dimension of Development

•    Role and Process of Economic Development

•    Component of Economic Development

2.3    Managerial Needs of Social Development
Social organizations which are spread over different fields of welfare auspices of the Government and are supposed to carry out programmes associated with social development require trained and educated persons. The foremost problem in this branch of administration is unwillingness of most of the trained personnel to be located in the rural side. Most of them prefer to stay in the cities. It is, therefore, necessary that the personnel to be associated with social development programmes should be bound up for service in the villages before their selection.
Although the needs of social development seem non-economic in nature from outside and are, therefore, quite often neglected by the public administration at the Centre and in the States, it is necessary to emphasise the importance of social development from the long term economic point of view of the economy, a good infrastructure of education, law and social work, health and family planning can help economic growth in many ways. The professional organisations even non-official, functioning in the field of social development need to be strengthened. In fact nonofficial agencies have been found to be as effective as the official one and quite often even better, as they are based on the -voluntary understanding and willing co-operation in the promotion of integrated programmes like setting up of libraries, hospitals, institutions for education of small children etc.

• Main Fields of Social Development(1)    Education
Education is the most important component of social development programme. It has not only to reduce illiteracy by educating the children but also undertake education for adults both men and women, particularly in rural areas, where it has been observed, that adults have enough spare time after their occupational duties, in their daily routi22 , expect during the harvesting period. It has been
further observed that adult education is helpful in enlightening the working community and enabling them to get rid of their oldish and traditions. Their education gives them a scientific bent of mind and makes them more productive and traditions. Their education gives them a scientific bent of mind and makes them more productive and resourceful. If the curriculum of the adult education is also reformed by giving them new ideas about their own occupation-farming, car pentary, handicrafts etc. they are sometimes able to increase their income manifold. Education of the adults also helps them to become better parents, better neighbours and better parents, better parents, better neigbours and better citizens. They start taking more interest in the society around and develop consciousness for fellow-felling. In due course they come to feel their importance as participants in the national construction programmes, which may be launched by the State under Community Development Scheme. They also start taking interest in such like institution as the Panchayati Raj and understand objectives for which they exist and lives as members of asociety.
For effectively launching education in the social development field, itis necessary to prescribe a certain percentage in the institutions providing teacher education in each district to go to the villages before they are given their regular appointment in the schools, in cities and towns. This will enable the teacher to understand the problems of the towns. This will enable the teacher to understand the problems of the towns and cities they will carry the much needed impression about the real problems of the country. In fact there is need for giving necessary incentives like a higher allowance for service in the villages to teachers. As for adult education centres the country can certainly plan to have a large scale voluntary corps from educated unemployed to be sent to such centres in villages and given scholarship, stipends etc. for providing such services. The diffusion of the educated unemployed in the villages may also help the cause of small scale industries in the villages as many of them may find some way of absorption in the industries growing up in the countryside.

(ii)    Health and Family Planning.
This is a field of social development which cannot be left to private initiative. The Government has to take up effective programmes to provide health service by setting up health centres in each and every area of each and every village, town and city. The establishment of health services is as important as the setting up of educational institutions. Health centres are designed not only to control infectious diseases by a large scale programmes of vaccination but also to inculcate a spirit of family planning among the population. Keeping a control of the birth rate in the country is not just a social activity but a pertinent economic project which not only ensures family welfare but also adds to the standard of living of masses in general. Unless some checks were put on family expansion, the population of the country may dwarf all the economic progress - made in the country and perpetuate 23
poverty forever.

• Self-Check Exercise-1
Q.1 What are the managerial needs of social development?
Q.2 Discuss about the main fields of social development.

2.4    Social Welfare Objectives in India
One of the major objectives of social development is to improve the welfare of the people. In order to achieve social welfare objectives, the following subjects have come under the purview of development; administrators in India:

i.    Family Planning and Population Control: As already pointed out in the UNIT on Economic Development planning in the developing countries is the curtailment of population growth. While in poor countries there is ever growing poverty, the size of families is usually large, as the poor people have sex as the main recreation and temptation in life. This factor causes more population with the family unit usually unhealthy, illiterate, children uncared for, underfed and unenlightened. Since the financial resources of the developing countries are limited, whatever little progress is achieved on the economic front is eaten away by increased population. It is, therefore desirable to formulate and implement effective family planning and population control programmes.

ii.    Status of Women: While women have always played an important role in society, in underdeveloped countries their role has been negligible in recent decades. General poverty and the responsibility of the women to look after their children and husbands have generally led to their domestication. After independence many countries have launched programmes for bringing the women folk to productive professions and making them equal partners in running the essential services in the country. Governments of many developing countries have encouraged women to take up work in offices, particularly those professions where the weaker sex can be accommodated without difficulty. In India, for example recruitment to clerical stenographic and allied services has been thrown open to women and preference is usually given where qualified women areavailable.

iii.    Protector of children: The United Nations proclaimed 1979 as the International Year of the Child of highlight the need for provision of more amenities to children of various countries under international and national auspices. On the suggestion of the United Nations, various governments have appointed committees and commissions on national and state levels to improve the conditions of living for children. There are schemes for provision of milk to children in slum areas and funds have been made available for establishment of educational 24
institutions in backward communities. School-going children, particularly in early tender ge groups are provided with milk and mid-day meals for the poorer children.

iv.    Education: Education is the most important item under social development. It is recognised as the most important weapon of modernization. Every developing country is required to make adequate provision for education at the primary, secondary and university levels and also to take up specialized institutions for technical training and scientific research. Development plans of the developing countries have liberal provision of funds for these projects. Adult education is also given equal importance in the villages where the majority of the adults are illiterate and need short term education in their leisure time. Adult education centres are now spread over in India in far Bung corners of villages and towns.

v.    Social Organisation. In social development social organization official and non- official are playing an important role to bring modernizations in underdeveloped countries. Although social organisations are usually based on the interests of the local populations and local institutions like religion, caste, region, etc., they, in due course, convert themselves into potential sources of national development. They help the official organisations in development programmes and projects associated with social values. While political consciousness is also one of the social institutions which influences to involve larger masses and groups in national development tasks, there are religious organization which also play their due part at the local level. There is scope for greater co-operation between the voluntary and Government organizations for promoting social development.

vi.    Panchayati Raj : The existence of local development authority, in the village is highly beneficial to the all round awakening of the villagers to nation-building activities in all spheres political, social and economic. It provides a great motivation to all villagers who can exercise an acute sense of responsibility even when not sufficiently educated in urban standards. It boosts their morale, activates their zeal and if funds were available can make wonderful contribution to the enhancement of infrastructure of development. Panchayati raj can be particularly conducive to the environment of the village. It helps secularisation processes, digs up the creative reservoir of the village folk, modernizes them greatly in outlook, rids them of superficial traditions breaks their religious bigotry and creates new values and social norms.

• Self-Check Exercise-2
Q.1 Discuss about the social welfare objectives in India.

2.5    Process of Economic Development 25
Industrialization is the key to economic development and in fact, is virtually synonymous with it. Development requires, at some stages, an increases in the amount of accumulated capital per head of population, in industry, in agriculture, in the distributive trades, and in Government It way be that in a number of countries economic development has to begin bystrengthening and improving the agricultural sector without, initial, any increased capital accumulation. This may even take the form of strengthening subsistence agriculture the non-market sector of the economy. But, at some point, growth requires capital and this win inevitably mean industrialization in the sense of increased fabrication, with a concomitant shift of economic activity and the labour force diverted from agriculture to other activities.
Economic development operationally is defined in terms of (i) an increase in real output per capita including the output of the non-market sector and (ii) resultant increase in real income per capita.

•    Role of Economic Development
The emphasis on both output and income in necessary in establishing a usable criterion for judging the rate of development. Progress in the economy as a whole can generally be gauged solely on the basis Of output per capital. The results of all policies public and private-can be examined development has come to mean More than this. Historically, as western European countries said, the U.S. have developed, increases in income’ have been enjoyed by larger numbers of the populations. In an underdeveloped economy, the distribution of income is typically more concentrated than in developed countries. At some stage ‘ in the process of development there appears to be a reduction in income.
Population pressure need not prevent development. It may accentuate the need for development; it may slow down the pace of development; it does not necessarily preclude it-. The histories of Belgium, the Netherlands and Japan, among others, suggest that high ratios of population to land area do not in themselves retard economic growth.
Economic development, in the predictable future, is primarily a task for the developing countries themselves, not for the outsiders. The kind of development which is needed today by the peoples ofAsia, Latin America and Africa is not the kind that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries, when mines, railroads and ports, and sometimes schools and hospitals, were built in the colonies. What is now required is a widespread participation in the process of development which means that for many countries, anew system of economics values must be internalized, with new patterns of behaviour and, expectations. Development has to command the efforts and the moral support of
increasing number of persons. Broadly speaking, the task is to assure that there is demand for capital the prerequisite.

•    Objectives of Economic Development
The main objectives of economic development is acceleration of the speed of development in different fields of economic life of the, country. It must have the following objectives.

i.    Rapid Economic Growth

ii.    The Development of SocialCapital

iii.    Mobilization of Resources

iv.    Optimumuseof Resources

v.    Reduction of Economic Inequalities

vi.    Overcoming Overpopulationtrends

vii.    Provision of all round stability

viii.       Increase in the rate of savings and investments

ix.    Balanced growth

(i)    Rapid Economic Growth:
In the first place, planning is required in underdeveloped countries to initiate and speedup processes of economic development. Underdeveloped countries are caught up in the vicious circle of poverty. Their problems are to break this vicious circle and come out of the morass of poverty and economic stagnation. In these countries various forces act and react upon each other in such a way as to keep them in a state of extreme poverty. Only with economic planning, they would be able to break this vicious circle and accelerate the tempo of their economic development. The free private enterprise economyworking in: an unplanned manner has failed to bring about economy development and raise the standards of living of the people. Prof. Galbraith aptly says, “What is not in doubt is the need for planning by the less developed countries. There is much that the market can usefully encourage and accomplish. But the market cannot reach forward to take great strides when these are called for. As it cannot put a man into space so it cannot bring quickly into existence a steel industry where there was little or no steel malting capacity before. Nor can this quickly created in integrated industrial plant. Above all no one can be certain that it will do so in countries where development but an urgent demand that it should occur promptly., To trust to the market is to take an unacceptable risk that nothing or too little will happen.” This can be guaranteed only be planning in underdeveloped countries.
This explains why there is a clear and pronounced opinion in favour of planning.

(ii)    The Development of Social Overhead Capital:
The process of economic development is helped up by the lark of “social overhead capital” such as heavy basic industries like steel, engineering, machine-making, railways, roads, power plants, etc. The development of basic economy capital in the society is essential for starting a cumulative process of economic growth and to achieve a self-reliant and self-generating economy. But Investment in social overhead capital is not profitable form of external economic rather than money profit for the entrepreneurs. Moreover, the profits from such investment take a very long time to come. Private enterprise is generally interested in quick returns and, therefore, does not feel interested to make investments in these overheads, it thus becomes incumbent oil the Government to make investments in these overheads in order to quicken the process of economic development.
What is true in the case of above mentioned socio-economic; overheads is equally true in the case of such social activities like schools colleges, technical institutions, research institutions, hospitals etc. The development of these social overheads provides subsidiary economies paving the way for the expansion of other sectors in the economy. Therefore, private enterprise does not undertake investment in these overheads because the returns from these accrue to the whole society in the form of increase in the supply for technical skill and rise, in the standards of education and health rather than any personal gains to the entrepreneurs. Hence only public investment is necessary to build up social infrastructure so that growth may be induced in other sectors of the economy.

(ill)    Mobilization of Resources.
Development is a stupendous task. It requires huge financial resources, especially for building up social institutional capital, large scale finance is needed for making investments. Private enterprise cannot mobilize sufficient financial resources needed for development purposes. The Government is ina far better position to find the necessary resources through taxation, borrowing and deficit financing which are not open to private enterprise. But, in order to mobilize resources through various measures, Government must formulate projects together within their financial implications for development schemes and also determine the extent to which various sources of finance are to be tapped, thus private enterprises lacks the capacity to undertake large-scale development schemes. Not only that, it also lacks the necessary motivation to undertake the tasks of societal development.

(iv)    Optimum use of Resources.
Planning is also essential for optimum utilization of resources. Private enterprise without the accompaniment of proper planning by the Government will misdirect or misallocate resources, because private enterprises is guided solely by the profit motive regardless of social benefits or evil effects. In an unplanned economy valuable national resources may be diverted to private enterprise to increase : production of luxuries for the rich, while the masses may be starved of even the necessities of life. A planning authority can better judge what is good and essential for the society and what is bad and non- essential for it. It can accordingly allocate the scarce resources available. It is to the obvious advantage of a country to prefer the direction of resources for the production of essential commodities; and, avoid their diversion to non-essential items. Only a planned economy can do so. As Prof. Harris says, “surely no well-functioning planned society would allow expenditures of 3 billion on education, and 2 billion on social security, as in the USA and 7 billion on alcoholic beverages”. Prof. Harris means that in an unplanned American economy, too much resources are wasted on the production of non-essential things such as alcoholic beverages, while relatively lesser resources are left for the promotion of essential things as education and social security. A planned economy is motivated by the doctrine of social welfare and does not allow the scarce resources to be availed for non-essential items of consumption.
The role of planning lies in securing optimum use of resources. Itis further highlighted by the fact that in underdeveloped countries there is a serious deficiency of different type of skills compared to the needs ‘of development. Under the circumstances judicious and efficient allocation of resources is carried out which only the Government is capable of undertaking through planned policies, processes and projects within the framework of national priorities.

(v)    Reduction of Economic Inequalities.
Another important argument in favour of planning is that it makes for a more jus distribution of the fruits of economic growth and reduces the inequalities of income and wealth.
The free market economy rewards people according to the resources they posses but does not contain in itself any mechanism which should bring about equal distribution of these resources. No, wonder that there are wide gaps between the ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ which seriously offend the sense of social justice Shocking economic inequalities are a marked feature of an unplanned economy. Inequalities in income, wealth and economic opportunities is, therefore, the foremost objective of modem welfare states and it is impossible to achieve this objective without proper planning.
The most important problem of underdeveloped countries is to achieve a quicker economic growth so that the standards of living of the masses could be raised. The economic growth under free private enterprise, however, increases the inequalities of income and wealth, since the profits of the enterprises go into, the pockets of rich industrialists and capitalists. Thus the fruits of economic growth cannot be equitably distributed. If the laissez faire system were to continue, the rich would become richer and poor poorer. Expansion of public sector (i.e. Government sector) and economic planning are, therefore, inevitable to prevent the concentration of income and wealth in a few hands. Profits: earned from the public enterprises by the Government can be utilised for the purpose of capital formation and for providing social security to the poorer sections of society. Without planning and the conscious effort on a large scale, inequalities of income and wealth tend to further increase and the benefits of economic development are not equally shared by all citizens.

(vi)    Overcoming populationExplosion.
Further, underdeveloped countries like India face the problem of population explosion. In these countries, the level of population is already too high in relation to their resources. Population further increases at an alarming rate. This rapidly increasing population nullifies all the efforts to raise the per capital income and the standards of living of the people, since most of the increase in national income is swallowed up by the increase in population. Thus the population factor is a great hindrance to economic growth in underdeveloped countries. The problem of population explosion can be solved only by deliberate efforts of lower the birth rate. The Government must plan a limitation of families by the people. The Government should check the growing population by effective implementation of family planning programmes. Family planning should be treated as an integral part of the overall economic planning.

(vii)    The Problem of Stability.
Planning has also proved to be a powerful instrument for eliminating instability which is found in a free market economy. Private enterprise left to itself would produce trade cycles, unemployment and misery. It is now generally agreed that planning of economic activity goes a long way in removing the violent fluctuations in business and thus prevent undue hardships. It is on this ground that planning is advocated even for developed and advanced economics. They have not much leeway to make up in the Matter of economic development; but they certainly need a mechanism which would prevent violent ups -and downs in the movement of economic activity and smoothen the course of business. During the last ‘thirties’ every unplanned capitalist country suffered from
depression, while the planned and socialist economy of Russia did not experience any depression at the time.
The process of economic growth in underdeveloped countries under conditions of laissez faire does not or cannot bring about smooth rise in national income; instead, it is subject to trade cycles, with all their attendant evil and hardships for the people. This necessitates planning of the processes of economic growth so that there is continuity of sustained increase in national output. (viii) Increase it the Rate of Savings and Investment.
Economic development alone can assure a continuous annual increase in the rate of saving and investment. Without the increase in the rate of saving and investment, capital formation which is the core of economic development cannot be steeped up. The higher level of national production or income both in agriculture and industry, cannot be achieved without considerably increasing the rate of Capital formation. The main task of the Government in underdeveloped. Countries is to increase the rate of domestic saving and investment and also to borrow from abroad to step up the rate of capital formation in the economy. Only the Government can perform these tasks through economic planning.
(ix) Balanced Growth.
Finally, planning is needed to ensure balanced growth in developing countries. Growth under laissez faire will be of Unbalanced nature and will give rise to serious stresses and strains in the economy. There must be balanced growth between agriculture and industry, between consumer goods and capital goods industries, if undue stresses and strains are to be avoided. Growth under laisses faire wall make some sectors of the economy go ahead, while the others will lag behind. This will create difficulties for future economic growth. Only by means of planning can a balanced growth in different sectors and industries be ensured.

• Self-Check Exercise-3
Q.1 Discuss about the process of economic development.
Q.2 What are the objectives of economic development?

2.6 Components of Economic Development.

i.    Increase in real national income and net national product, ultimately bringing a rise in per capita income.

ii.    Increasing level of self-reliance by growth of industries of products which cause import substitution.

iii.    Increasing employment potential in industry and decreasing dependence on agriculture of more population for livelihood.

iv.    Increasing rate of saving accompanied bydecreasing dependence on foreign capital; increase in capitalformation.

v.    Ever-decreasing disparities in level of living within the country which implies that increased national product will be distributed in such a way that the poor sections of society are able to raise their consumption levels.

vi.    Ever-increasing utilization of natural and human power resources.

• Determinants of Economic Development.

i.    Geographical and natural environment: The rate of economic development of a country depends largely on the availability of natural resources like rivers for hydroelectricity, coal as a source of power, oil, agricultural resources, underground resources like mining of raw materials (iron, copper, manganese, mica etc.), rock and marble resources (chemicals etc.); These natural resources make an important contribution to the overall growth and development of theeconomy.

ii.    Human resources: Human resources refer to that part of the population which is available for contribution to production of goods and services in a society. The availability of human resources for productive purposes depends upon the educational, social and cultural environment of a country and its ability to produce scientists, engineers, doctors, agronomists, technicians, managerial and administrative personnel, teachers, economists, statisticians, manual workers, artisans etc.
Human resources, also include availability of necessary facilities for the future production of such personnel and their ever increasing quality and quantity so as to meet the requirements of a growing economy.

iii.    Capital resources: Capital is the indispensable ingredient of economic development of a country. Capital formation of a country depends on the savings, the nation can mobilise by producing more goods than consuming them all. Capital is not simply saving by individual family in terms of money which they deposit in banks or invest in industry or agriculture but also the investment of capital goods- machinery, raw material and labour-produced for use in future production. Real capital accumulates when an organisation in a country producing goods sufficient to meet the requirements of workers engaged in producing capital leaves a surplus for future economic development.

iv.    Emphasising the importance of capital. Joseph J. Spengler, says “Capital is essential to give expression to new invention for even though an invention is .capital-saving, its introduction is likely to entail increase in capital outlay. Invention and innovation, and the science and engineering technology underlying them, are the product of past investment in various kinds of scientific skill and equipment and the general improvement in the quality of the man-hours supplied by the labour force as the product of past investment in the education of the labour force.” According to Peplasis, Meats and Adelman, “Capital includes all forms of reproducible wealth that are used directly or indirectly in production of large volume of Output.”

v.    Management and Technology: These also constitute an important determinant of economic development. Their availability depends on the previous developments achieved in the following fields:

a)    Industrial infrastructure alreadylaid.

b)    Institutional infrastructure in terms of education, technical training and experience gained.

c)    Capability to import foreign technology, if necessary.

d)    The growth of entrepreneurial organisation.

e)    Availability of a sound administration, including Financial and managerial, at the Government and private level.

• Self-Check Exercise-4

Q.1 Dicuss about the process of economic development.

Q.2 What are the Determinants of Economic Development?

2.7 Principles of Sustainable Development
The principle of sustainable development which received international recognition as a result of Brundtland Commission Report (1987) was overwhelmingly supported by all the nations. Some of the salient principles which underlie the concept of sustainable development were spelled out in the Rio Declaration, 1992 and Agenda 21. Therefore, these principles have got to be necessarily followed in order to achieve the objective of sustainable development. These principles are as follows:

(1)    Inter-generational equity;

(2)    Use and conservation of natural resources;

(3)    Environmental protection;

(4)    The precautionary principle;

(5)    The ‘Polluter Pays’ principle;

(6)    Principle of liability to help and co-operate;

(7)    Protection of Forests
Inter-Generational Equity. - The principle of inter-generational equity pre-supposes the right of each generation of human beings to benefit from cultural and natural resources of the past generation as well as the ‘obligation’ to preserve such heritage for future generations. The principle emphasises on conservation of biodiversity resources and of the renewable sources like forests, water, soil etc.
Use And Conservation of Natural Resources - This principle requires that earth's natural resources should be carefully used in such a way that they may be conserved and enhanced for the future generation. It must be borne in mind that natural resources are already depleting due to poverty, over- population, urbanization, industrialization etc. and there is likely to be acute shortage of these resources in future. Therefore, there is dire need to develop techniques and technologies which may need minimal utilization of natural resources.
Environmental Protection
Environmental protection is an integral part of sustainable development. Most of the nations have enacted environmental protection laws to ensure sustainable development within their territories. In order to reinforce sustainable development, an effective environmental protection mechanism is needed. It is generally seen that inadequate protection of environment or its degradation affects the poorest sections of the society most as they draw a large part of their livelihood from unmarked environmental resources such as forests, water from hand pumps, air polluted and noisy slum dwellings etc. The problem of environmental protection generally emanates from water resources, forests, agriculture, industry, energy and power etc., therefore, policy decisions in these sectors should be environmental oriented and well planned so as to ensure that there is no degradation in the natural environment.
Precautionary Principle
The precautionary principle seeks to ensure that a substance or human activity which may cause a threat to the environment is prevented from causing harm to environment, even if there is no conclusive scientific proof of linking that substance or human activity to environmental damage. Thus, precautionary principle pre-supposes that onus of proof is on the industrialist to show that his action is benign, that is not harmful to environment.
“Polluter Pays” Principle
All the member countries participating in the Organization For Economic Co-operation and Development (O.E.C.D.) agreed to incorporate in their environmental policies the principle of 'polluter pays' so as to discourage subsidies that could be detrimental for trade. They deemed this necessary for the protection of environment and save the country from threats posed by environmental pollution in modernised industrial societies. “Polluter Pays” principle was considered to be one of the best method for prevention of environmental pollution. But there were practical difficulties in working out an exact definition of the principle as there could be dispute as to the limits on payment for damages caused and exact scope of the applicability of principle Principle of Liability to help and Co-operate
This principle has been specifically incorporated in Rio-Declaration (1992) as Principle 9 which provides that the States should co-operate to strengthen indigenous capacity building for sustainable development by improving scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge and by enhancing the development, adaptation, diffusion, and transfer of technologies including new and innovative technologies.
Protection of Forests
It must be stated that awareness about the protection of forests is also closely connected with the principle of public trust applicable for the preservation of natural resources. The State being a trustee of forest-resource, it is the moral and legal obligation of the Government to protect forests from being destroyed by indiscriminate felling of trees. If forests are well preserved, it will reduce soil erosion and increase fertility of land and also cause sufficient rainfall which is necessary for cultivation and domestic purposes in the form of water

• Criteria for Sustainable Development
There are six main criteria for sustainable development. There are elaborated as follows:

1.    The first among the SDG indicators is ecological and environmental factors which have a bearing in harmonizing the long and the short term in a mutually reinforcing manner. In the area of ecology, we need to promote the concept of “Do ecology” rather than only suggest what should not be done (don’t ecology). For example, there is growing concern about the use of plastics in a wide range of human activities.
It is easy to say “don’t use plastics”, but unless we take steps to provide alternatives which are economically and ecologically desirable, the problem will continue to remain. To cite another
example, subsidies are being given in a wide range of development programmes and there is always demand in the farm sector for waiving of loans and providing support like free electricity. Free electricity often may lead to the over-exploitation of the aquifer. Therefore, what is important is to subsidise the use of solar, wind, hydro and other forms of renewable energy. Nuclear energy is also environmentally benign.

2.    A second area is economics. Here we need to promote ecological economics which takes into account both the short- and long-term impact of development. Ecological economics has a time dimension of infinity, while strictly commercial economics measures success in the short term. Ecological economics will also help to shape public policies which are prosustainability. Ultimately, major developments take place through interaction among technology, public policy and public participation. Public participation will need considerable efforts in the area of ecological literacy.

3.    The third factor which is important is energy. Energy is a key requirement in all areas of development as well as in our houses. There are several forms of sustainable energy and one area which is fortunately getting more attention now is solar energy. Biomass utilisation is another area which has received inadequate attention. Every farm, for example, should have biomass-based biogas and a few trees which can fix nitrogen in the soil and in the atmosphere.

4.    The next important area is equity, both in social and gender terms. The gender index needs to be integrated with all programmes to ensure that the gender dimension is addressed in the concerned project. In the area of social equity, it is important to ensure that technology does not bypass the economically and socially disadvantaged sections of the society. For example, if the new seeds which led to the green revolution in the 1960s were not available to all farmers irrespective of the size of holding, green revolution would not have taken place within a few years.
Patenting is an also an area which requires attention in the point of view of access to technologies. If patenting is desirable in some cases from the point of view of incentives to innovations, there should be a method like the one adopted by Switzerland in the case of Golden Rice, namely setting up of a Trust which can purchase the patents and make them freely available to the farmers. MSSRF has a policy of ensuring that discoveries covered by patents such as the hybrid between mangroves
and rice are available to all farmers who can then use them to develop their own variety. Prebreeding and participatory breeding then become possible.

5.    The fifth area relates to employment. Employment is the key to provide meaning to life. Jobless growth is joyless growth. Therefore, every attention should be paid to provide an opportunity for all members of the human family – both women and men. Employment, however, should not only involve physical work. As Mahatma Gandhi pointed out, we need to marry brain and brawn or labour and intellect in all human activities, particularly in rural areas.

6.    Finally, ethics is an important component of sustainable development. Ethical dimensions of development will have as their foundation the goal of sustained human happiness. Ethics is particularly important in deciding the choice of new technologies. Those technologies which are likely to promote unemployment and degeneration of natural resources should obviously be avoided.

• Self Check Exercise-5
Q.1 Discuss about the principles of sustainable development.
Q.2 What are the Criteria for Sustainable Development?

2.8    Summary
Sustainable development is a holistic approach that aims to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own. It seeks to balance economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. Key principles of sustainable development include intergenerational equity, the integration of environmental and economic policies, community participation, and a precautionary approach to prevent environmental degradation.
To assess sustainable development, criteria typically involve evaluating environmental integrity, economic viability, and social inclusivity, ensuring that development initiatives are effective in the short term while promoting long-term resilience and well-being for all communities.

2.9    Glossary

•    Social Policy            : Includes expansion of social service and their qualitative
improvement in education, health, family planning and housing.
37

•    Economic Development: Industrialization is the key to economic development, its definitions
are in term of an increase in per-capita income. Its objectives are rapid.

2.10    Answer to self-check exercise
Self-check Exercise-1
Ans 1. Refer to section 2.2
Ans 2. Refer to section 2.2
Self-check Exercise-2
Ans 1. Refer to section 2.3
Ans 2. Refer to section 2.3
Self-check Exercise-3
Ans 1. Refer to section
Self-check Exercise-4
Ans 1. Refer to section
Ans 2. Refer to section 2.5
Self-check Exercise-5
Ans 1. Refer to section
Ans 2. Refer to section
Self-check Exercise-6
Ans 1. Refer to section 2.7
Ans 2. Refer to section 2.7

2.11    References/Suggested Readings

1.    Dr. R.D. Sharma, “Development Administration in India”, Mittal Publication, 2003.

2.    R.K. Sapru, “Development Administration”, Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002.

3.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/

4.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/

5.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-
goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Bra nd_Eng
lish&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiA
h9qdBhAOEiwAvxIok-OJyP-
38
K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE
#no- poverty

6.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/

7.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles- And-Values.html

8.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable- development-2627798

9.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development- report-
2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020% 20and% 20120%20in%202021.

10.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs

11.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf

12.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration

2.12    Terminal Questions
Q1. Discuss the main features of Development in developing countries.
Q2. Discuss the Social Welfare objectives in India with relation to Education and Health.
UNIT -3
Strategies of Sustainable Development, Goals of Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development Index.
Structure

3.1    Introduction

3.2    Learning Objectives

3.3    EnhancingAdministrative Capabilities for Sustainable Development
Self-Check Exercise-1

3.4    Development Capability of Leadership for Sustainable Development
Self-Check Exercise-2

3.5    Bureaucracy vs. Democracy
Self-Check Exercise-3

3.6    Characteristics of Bureaucracy in Developing Countries
Self-Check Exercise-4

3.7    Efficiency and Effectiveness
Self-Check Exercise-5

3.8    Goals of Sustainable Development
Self-Check Exercise-6

3.9    Summary

3.10    Glossary

3.11    Answer to Self Check Exercises

3.12    References/Suggested Readings

3.13    Terminal Questions

3.1    Introduction
One of the most importance components of development administration is the administrative capability and yet it itself one of the scarcest of all resources in developing countries. In the socio- economic development is a country and even in the society administrative capability has much to contribute.
It is capability has much to contribute. It is becoming not only a crucial but also a major factor in the success or failure of development efforts. It is a limiting factor in the achievement of national development goals. With the significant increase in the complexity and magnitude of Government functions, after the Second World War, the need for administrative capability has been felt much greater to solve complex operational problems and to aid in the implementation of development plans, programs and projects. The increase in the level of knowledge and skills in the appraisal of administrative capability is, therefore, important especially for countries, which aspire for modernity. To quote from a United National publication. “Sound appraisal of administrative capability is essential for sound development plans”. That is why, national leaders, administrators, managers, and other technicians in recent years have field the needto evaluate and improve the administrative capabilities so that the intended results are realized. It has been emphasized that “public administrations must be recreated, renewed, revitalized to produce the changes and achievements in the transformation of societies. This necessitates a different kind and magnitude of administrative capability.” It is therefore, useful to understand its nature, take steps to create and improve it, and
conserve its use for development efforts.

• Meaning
Generally speaking the term ‘development administration’ is understood as development of administrators, which is further simplistically meant as enhancing the administrative capacity for development. But this is not enough. A new meaning has been added to the concept of ‘development administration.’ This is to emphasise that the focus of attention is not only on improving or raising the capacity of administrators but also administration of meanings: development of administration, and administration of development. The former refers to strengthening and improving administrative capabilities of those involved in development efforts; the latter is identified with organizational development - Government departments, public enterprises, regulatory agencies, public corporations, cooperative institutions etc. development administration is, thus, often equated with organization’s physical growth. When applied to personnel it is meant as attainment of higher rank, increase in the level of knowledge and skills, increased pay and perks. But at the organizational level, it is meant as increase in the size, higher efficiency and higher profits.
Development administration thus implies strengthening of the administrative system while it is growing. An American scholar writes that “development administration refers not only to a government’s efforts to carry out programs designed to reshape its physical, human and cultural environment, but also to the struggle to enlarge a governments’ capacity to engage in such programs.” Thus, an essential characteristic of development administration is its two aspects: development of administration and administration of development. In this UNIT the emphasis is on the former with the focus of attention on administrative capability fordevelopment.
A survey of the literature reveals that there has been so much stress on improving the administrative capability for development. Before we discuss the requirements and measures to create administrative capabilities for programme development and implementation, it is good to know of its meaning. In its simplest terms, the administrative capability is the capacity of the administrative arm to achieve the desired objectives. Katz says, “Administrative capability for development involves the ability to mobilize, allocate and combine the actions that are technically needed to achieve development objectives.” To him technical needs that are needed are five in groups: skilled manpower; financing; logistics of supplies and information; individual and groupd participation; and legitimated power to enforce decisions. A publications of the United Nations defines administrative capability as the “management capacity of Government or of the
public sector as a whole, to the administrative capability of specific organizations, or sets of organizations, or to the administrative feasibility of specific development projects or programmes. In any of these three categories, administrative capacity is a major and crucial factor in the success or failure of development efforts.” Administrative capability s the capacity intended results by means of organizations. In the context of administrativecapabilityfor development, we mayrefer to it as the ability or capacity of ^ ^theadministrative system to achieve development objectives.

3.2    Learning Objectives: After going through this lesson the student will be able to know the

•    The concept ofAdministrative Capabilities

•    Leadership

•    Civil services and Bureaucracy

•    Modern functions of Bureaucracy

•    Efficiency and Effectiveness etc.

3.3    EnhancingAdministrative Capabilities for Sustainable Development
What constitutes administrative capability and how it can be enhanced is the crux of the problem. As already said socio-economic progress and national development are the major goals of developing counties. But these goals cannot be achieved without adequate administrative capabilities. These countries lack very much at all levels administrative capability. They are generally concerned about their overall public administration capabilities as well as management capabilities as well as management capabilitiesfor sectoral and programme administration. However, it is itself one of the scarcest of all resources in a developing country. Therefore, in order to enhance administrative capability, which is verymuch essential for the success of development plans, programs and projects, programmes of training civil service reforms, reorganization and procedural changes must necessarily divert the time and energy of Tiigh-quality’ personnel from other activities. Administrative capability, like any other activities. Administrative capability, like any other plan, requires, therefore investments for using scarce resources.
Joseph LaPalombara suggests two highly generalized strategies, namely, political support and education for increasing administrative capacity. Unless the administrators secure the support of political leadership, little can be done to increase or improve administrative capacity. LaPalombara states: “Where upper-level bureaucrats are not also the central political leaders of the society, it is doubtful (although not impossible) that they will develop the attributes of guardians. In any case, effecting administrative change in such situations absolutely required that such situations absolutely requires that such a goal by accorded high priorit43by the political leadership.” Proper education and
good training greatly improve the skill of administration. It is an integral part of the strategy for improving administrative capacity. LaPalombara emphasis the administration to be built into educational experiences. He writes, “No broad gauged educational strategy to improve administrative capacity in the developing areas is likely to be successful unless administration is seen for what is always is and must be an integral part of all public policy-making and execution, no matter how technical or esoteric, involvinga set of skills in humanorganizationsand behavior without whichpolicy implementation is, at best, haphazard, and at worst, chaotic and clamorous failure.
Personnel in the organization need to be developed to achieve the objective of the organization and to develop of responsibility towards these objectives. The objectives of the organization require a change in the personality of an administrator. His skills and knowledge on the job can be enhanced by imparting training extensively in the respective fields. It may be noted that, to some extent, some training courses are unnecessary. Techniques taught in training courses are not internalized by administrators and managers and, therefore, they are unable to utilize them. The course should be designed and conducted as to make an impact on attitudes of the trainees.
Apart from creating positive attitudes in the employees, in the field of action, a programme of research and development is needed with a view to bringing about continuing administrative reforms. The capacity of the administrative arm can be increased by the following ingredients:

i.    Political support for administrative reforms :

ii.    Effective administrative leadership attuned to programme development and implementation;

iii.    Adequate resources-both human and physical; and

iv.    These three resources-both human and physical; and mine administrative capabilities at all Government levels, be at it national, regional or local.
Administrative capability is defined as the management capacity of Government or of the public sector as a whole, or the administrative capability of specific organizations or sets of organizations or the administrative feasibility of specific development projects or programmes. In any of these categories, administrative capacity is a major and crucial factor in the success or failure of development efforts.
Administrative capability scarce as it involves programmes of a training, civil service reform, reorganization and procedural changes in addition to requiring direct expenditures of local or foreign currency activities which necessarily divert the time and energy of ‘High quality’ personnel from other activities.
The advancement of knowledge and skills in the appraisal of administrative capability is important, especially for countries, which wish to plan their economic and social development. Sound appraisal of administrative capability is essential for sound development planning and administrative capability are essential for implementation of development plans.
Public administrations must be recreated, renewed, revitalized to produce the change and achievements in the transformations of societies. This necessitates a different kind and magnitude of administrative capability.
Brain Loveman says, “Since inadequate administrative capabilities inhibit development administration, administrative.” But he further says, “Though administrationisa necessarycondition for development, development cannot be administered. For development to occur, not only must subsistence needs be met, but the initiative of individual human beings must be encouraged. Human beings must be able to rethink and redefine their own values and the conditions of their lives. Human choice must be expanded.”
According to Norman Uphoff, administrative capability involves efficiency related to the conversion of inputs and outputs, with special attention as to how the inputs are used. Effectiveness relates to the production of output which are intended to 5deld certain desired outcomes. Innovation can relate to the whole process, but its key function is to get more outputs that achieve desired outcomes. Efficacy deals withtheirachievementbutinextra-bureaucraticways, especiallyinvolving inputs from the public so that the outputs of administration indeed ‘match up’ with public needs. The principal values or objective associated respectively, with these four performance are; rationalization, impact adaptation, and responsiveness, while the respective activities associated with them are; organization within the bureaucracy, bureaucratic linkages to the environment, planning activities to alter the administrative process itself, and mechanism for providing feedback from the public.
Finally, as Katz says, administrative capability must establish appraisal as a continuing part of a system always providing for improvement in the strategy of successive approximation, the first approximation involving appraisal based on the best available information and knowledge and using todesignimmediate improvement actionwithin existingenvironmental constraints, at thesame time, taking steps to improve
appraisal and design and modify constraints; the second approximation, following from the first, and using new information and knowledge to improve appraisals and to design better action within the new somewhat modified environment, correcting mistakes made in the first approximation and so on.
In short, the political set-up, economic system and social environmental should all be made to work in harmony in the task of national development. The development administration must show adequate capacity to set the major objectives of government, to ensure their consistency, define the constraints with which the objectives are to be sought and determine the basic organizational framework within which the major departments or component parts of Government operate. Such a policy-makingmachineryshould alsodeterminethebasicstrategiesfornationaldevelopmentandthe part to be played byeach of tile major components ofgovernment.

• Self-Check Exercise-1
Q.1 What are the different ways for enhancing administrative capabilities for sustainable development?

3.4    Development Capability of Leadership for Sustainable Development
Development is a product of the capacity of leadership to mobilize the geo-human resources in each country. The cities are the leaders of the new to the tasks the idealism of the freedom, struggle and their over-enthusiasm for rapid development, in their desire to catch up with the developed countries. Idealism and. enthusiasms, however valuable, are no substitutes for the mobilization of the masses under the leadership of an efficient machinery of administration. Both citizens and administrators have been equallyunfamiliarwithdevelopmentalneeds except in the form of vague ideals. Consequently, the leaders, the people and the administrators have to grope their way in the darkness of inexperience to find a real common purpose and a convenient modus operandi for development. This particularly applies in local and state administrations are as much instruments of change as objects of change. This simultaneous process of self-change while initiating changes in the environment and institutions and values and attitude of the peopleshould be subjected to a properstudy of the multifarious aspects of citizen administration relationships.
Moreover it is generally observed that in an underdeveloped country, the Government wants to raise the level of national income and per capita income, eradicate unemployment and under employment, increase the rate of savings and investment; at the same time it wants to establish a socialist pattern of society and ensure price stability. It is not easy to achieve all these objectives simultaneously and the task is made more difficult in a growing economy that has to face various problems in the various processes of socio-economic development. A policy that encourages
investment may run counter to the objective of ensuring price stability. Similarly, it is difficult to achieve social justice when tax policy is primarily oriented accelerate the rate of savings and investments.
It is for the political leadership at the top to ensure that the organization of nation human resources provides for maximum division of labour or differentiation by specific functioning of specific units duly coordinated in internal and external relations, so as to help solve problems and assure quick actions without getting stuck up at conflicting ideals and policies.
The division of responsibilities between the Central Government and the State or local units must be clear-cut so that there are no bottlenecks felt in expediting the political, economic and social development as planned. The Central Government, even while making the responsibility for coordination, must try to decentralize authority and delegate the same to lower levels of governmentState and local for specific tasks and in specific fields so that each authority undertakes implementation in right earnest and with due confidence.
In the administration of public enterprises also similar of authority is called for. The duly constituted Boards, corporations or whatever the authorities that be, should have capable managers who can organize the work processes in good detail and do not have to depend on instructions for day-to-day routine functioning from high levels. Although no organization is expected to be completely self-sufficient, it must even while depending on other organizations for missing components or other inputs, must be able to make for itself major development policies, planning, budgeting and finance. It must also have provision for necessary evaluation and control.

•    Role and Need of Appraisal ofAdministrative Capabilities for Sustainable Development
Administrative capability is an essential component for increasing administrative efficiency not only for development planning but also for implementation of programmes and projects. Therefore, appraisal is considered to be an integral part of the larger effort to change, motivate and improve the administration of development systems. In simple terms administrative capability of the administration to achieve the desiredobjectivesofsocio-economicprogressandnationbuilding. Administrative capability is lackingin developing countries, therefore, in order to improve this capability, it is necessary that programmes of training, civil services reform, reorganization and procedural changes in addition to requiring direct expenditures of local or foreign currencies-must aim at attracting high quality personnel. Administrative capability must ensure the mobilization of inputs and increase the productivity or efficiency of the administration. It must promote greater amount of national product, increase in the per capita income of individuals,
bring out the best in each individual in society to perform and contribute towards the good of the society.
Administrative capability also implies capability to organize the human and natural resources of the country in such a way that the processes s devised can transform inputs into outcomes.
It is extremely important in a democratic system of Government that the political executive carries necessary capability to mobilize the talent and expertise of the bureaucracy to perform his development function with ease and facility. Before we discuss how such mobilization can be undertaken we should examine the features of bureaucracy.

•    Self-Check Exercise-2
Q.1 Discuss about the development capability of leadership for sustainable development.
Q.2 Discuss about the role and need of appraisal of administrative capabilities for sustainable development

3.5    Bureaucracy vs. Democracy
After the inauguration of new constitution in 1950, India became a country with parliamentary form of government. With this the leadership was posed with the serious problem of relationship of bureaucrats withthe politicians. The bureaucratshaveknowledge, experienceand wisdom whereasthe politician enjoy the confidence of the people. Theyhave the people’ssupport and got a verdict for their promised policies and programmes. The politicians cannotimplement those policieswithout the active and wholehearted co- operation of the bureaucrats, i.e. the specialists. Similarly the specialist require guidanceofpoliticiansfor ensuring that their policies, programmes and activities have mass support.
One also finds that whereas the bureaucrats are permanently settled in their chairs an cannot be: easily removed, the politicians have neither any permanency nor fixed tenure. They come and go according to the policies and programmes of the political parties to which they belong. Unlike bureaucrats, they can suddenly leave their department.
Still another vital point for consideration is that whereas a bureaucrat has got training, information and experience, the political may not know many details about the department which he heads. This is a minister for agriculture may not be an agriculturist or minister for education may not be an educationist of repute.

•    Modern Functions of a Civil Servant vis-à-vis development
In view of these problems a civil servant is required to perform may important functions. One of his mostimportantfunctionsis that of adjustment. It is his foremostdutythathe shouldadjusthimself with the politician who heads his department. This has assumed a serious significance since the differenceonce arose between the Railway Minister and Railway Board Chairman Mr. Ganguli. There can be occasions on which as a bureaucrat he may not like the policies of the politician, but he should try to convince him, bring him round his view point and make him realize the consequences of his policies. But he should know how to bend, but not break. Once he has got policy directions, he is supposed to implement them without any hesitation orreservation.
Another important function of a Civil servant is planning. Though technically it falls on the Minister to plan and public administration to implement, yet in actual Practice civil servant does planning work also. The politicians plan on the basis of data provided to them by the administrators. Mostly the politicians accept the planning programmes suggested by civil servants. Who does not know that revenue structure of a country, or educational policy and programme of the nation is drafted by the public servants and only approved by the finance minister.
Another important function of civil servant relation to his political boss, namely his Minister, is that of utilization of resources. The Ministers who head the departments are just new. They do them. It is for the civil servants to ensure that the policies and programmes of a political boss do not suffer simply because the resources are not available. They should ensure that the Personnel and finances are available so that best results are produced in the shortest available time.
Acivilservant alsoperforms the functionof giving, advice. Thoughheknows it fullywell that his political boss is not as much an expert as he himself is, on the problem under discussion,, yet he should play the role of an adviser alone. He should be clear in his mind that a civil servant, in a parliamentary democracy, is only an adviser. It is another thing that the advice rendered is usually accepted. But he should hesitate dictating. Ramsay Muir says, “The Minister has obtained this position because of his achievements in the general field of politics. In a majority of cases he has no special knowledge of the immense and complex work of the department over which he presides. They (civil servants) bring before him hundreds of knotty problems for this decision, about most of which he knows nothing at all. They put before him their suggestions supported by what may seem the most convincing arguments and facts. It is not obvious that, unless he is either a self-important egoist or a man of quite exceptional grasp, power and courage, he will ninety out of hundred, simply
accept their view and sign his name on the dotted line?

•    Bureaucrat in the Parliamentary system
The functions of civil servants in a parliamentary form of Government become important in so far as delegated legislation is concerned. We all know a minister can get a law passed from the legislature and that too on the advice of his civil servants. But neither the legislature nor the Ministerhas any time to go into the details of implementation of the Act. It, therefore, falls on the civil servant to prepare details and this the system of ‘Delegated legislation’ and ‘Delegated powers’ has come to stay. It is with the help of these instruments that a civil servant influence policies programmes and course of legislation.
It will this be believed that in a modem parliamentary democracy, a civil servant has a big role to play. He is to keep the nation’s interests into consideration, but without coming into the picture. He is to work day and night without getting any credit. It is to give an impression to the people that he is dedicated
to national building activities and to collective interests of the society and community as a whole. In the words of S.E. Finer, “The civil service does not exist to make a profit. Hence its member’s incentive is, in the last resort, to draw a salary, and not by taking risks, to make a lot of money.” Similarly Ramsay Muir says, “Parliament is a tool in the hands of permanent civil service.” These statements show in the hands of permanent civil service.” These statements show how important is the role played by civil servants in modem societies.
On the type of role bureaucracy should play in modern societies, Edward Shils says: “Bureaucracy must be sufficiently detached in its own political orientations loyal-to any constitutional Government to make the effort to carry out the policy decided by the political little, and sufficiently independent, to be capable of offering to its political superiors detailed, matter of fact assessment of the measure which the Government isproposing.’
Bureaucracy must on the other hand receive reliable support and from the party- from its parliamentary party in the country at large, as well as from its allies in the other parties (on specific issues)- sufficient to enableit to act withsomemeasureof confidencewithoutfearof beingimmediately overthrown or arousing aggressive resistance or non cooperation in the populace.
Fred W.Riggs saysonthissubject:“Inafunctioningdemocracyitisinthebureaucrat’sinterest to encourage access of interest groups to the legislator - assuming that the bureaucrat’s programme is
already a response, in some degree, to the demands made by the interest groups.”
Thus while bureaucracy is the instrument at the disposal of administration for the implementation ofprogrammes for, ‘removal ofpoverty’, it shouldportraynew Indiainanewcanvas. Bureaucrats should ensure public co-operation, which under the system of democratic planning, as it obtains in India, is voluntary. To a large extent it is dependent on the attitude of the masses, to the development programmes in general, and the political heads in particular.

•    Self-Check Exercise-3
Q.1 Write a short note on Bureaucracy vs. Democracy.
Q.2 What is the role of bureaucrats in the parliamentary system?

3.6    Characteristics of Bureaucracy in Developing Countries
Democracies in developing countries face certain handicaps, which the currently developed countries were spared. In the latter countries, economic growth preceded social change and social development preceded the growth of adult franchise. Other democratic extensions such as the ideology of equal opportunities or welfare services for all also followed economic affluence and social service consciousness. In those countries, private bureaucracies, through organized social action, led the state to grow into a full- fledged welfare state within a democratic frame of government. In India, we started inareversedirection. We started with adult franchise for the poor illiterate masses and then began to plan for social change and dconomic’ growth. Consequently, the electorate and the elected representatives are more anxious about the distributive aspects of development processes than about the production aspects. It is necessary to study this problem in all its facts with a view to reconciling their conflicts.
Features of Bureaucracy” Bureaucracy has been rightly called as a Government on desk.
It is playing a predominant part in most countries of the world irrespective of the role of the political bosses. The terms has, however, earned discreputation for red tapism, neopotism and routine in many situations. It is a Government of specially trained persons brought up for keeping the administrations going. In the broader sense, the term is defined to indicate any system in which the employees are classified in a system of administration composed of hierarchy of sections, divisions, bureaus, departments and the like. In the narrow sense it is a body of public servants organized in a hierarchal system which stands outside the sphere of usual public control.
According to Dr. Bhambri bureaucracy is usually of four types, namely:

a)    as a particular form of organisation a general design for the conduct of public administration;

b)    as an ailment or pathological situation of organization hindering good management;

c)    in the sense of big Government performing variety of services; and

d)    as a blight fallen on liberty.
In the words of Prof. H.J. Laski “Bureaucracy is the term usually applied to a system of government, the control of which is so completely in the hands of officials that their power jeopardizes the liberties of ordinary citizens.” This is the system under which the officials are responsible to the rulers rather than the ruled and they aim at serving the former rather than the latter. Those engaged in the task administration are properly brought up and developed as a class and considered as experts in their respective fields of administration. For them service is a permanent carrier. They become both a caste as well as class within themselves, adopting and following certain peculiar manners and etiquettes. Someof the significant areas under:

1)    The bureaucrats are specially brought up and developed with the object of running of administration. Each expert is supposed to possess technical skill and knowledge. He is supposed to have specialisation in the field and should view the problem from that viewpoint.

2)    It followsahierarchal systemunderwhichnoperson, howeverpowerful orexpert, can be given absolute powers. Each one is a link in the hierarchy and thus responsible to those superior tohim.

3)    Bureaucracy runs on the Principles of political neutrality and impartiality. A true bureaucrat is supposed to prove facts, and data leaving everything else to the political bosses. He is not affected by the political charge, that might come up against the administration in the country. In fact he has seldom any political aspiration.

4)    A bureaucrat is a person who is supposed to strictly follow rules and regulations and the precedents as it is felt that any deviation is bound to result in personnel prejudices.

5)    A bureaucrat has always a craze for collection of more and more information and knowledge so that he is most upto date and not dependent on others when called upon to guide the superiors.

6)    There exists for him a clear distribution and delimitation of duties through legal means and methods.
According to Prof Friedrich the features of bureaucracy include hierarchy, discipline, objectivity, certain minimum qualifications, continuity, red tape and discretion. Robert K. Merton believes that bureaucracy has its own significant and special features and characteristics which cannot be found in any other system of personnel administration. It is due to these features that the system has won fame as well as defame.
According to Max Weber, the following are the characteristics of bureaucracy:

1)    In a bureaucracy activities are fixed as official duties.

2)    The authority for getting these duties officially discharged are also distributed in a stable way.

3)    Rights and duties go hand in hand.

•    Advantages of Bureaucratic type of Administration
Bureaucracy has earned bad name and iii will of the people. It has earned a nick name for red tapism and nepotism. But at the sometime no state in the world so far has been in a position to dispense with it. This speaks about its utility. The greatest advantage of the system is its impartiality. Since the bureaucrats are to be appointed by the head of the state and are responsible to him they are above all political upheavals and continue to discharge their functions without and fear or favour. Since they continue to remain in position under almost all circumstance and face different types of complications and problems which theyare called upon to solve every day, they learn and add to their knowledge and wisdom which is to great national advantage. Still all bureaucrats are given proper training for handling their duties and responsibilities veryefficiently, that not onlybenefits the persons but helps the nation in the long run. Their advantage is actually realised in emergencies when he governments based on party affiliation face upheavals and the nation is in need of an efficient administration.At this critical time, it is the bureaucracy which steps in and fills the gap.

•    Disadvantages of Bureaucratic type of administration
But the disadvantages of the system far more exceed its advantages with the result that the system has been universally condemned. One of the disadvantages is that the bureaucrats become a class by themselves. They usually suffer from superiority complex and condemn the common man to whom they are required to serve. Usually there is no window through which fresh air of public
opinion or sentiments may peep in upon them with the result that the bureaucrats do not get first hand information about public opinion. It has rightly been said that in this system of administration there are no links between the rulers and the ruled. Still another disadvantage is that under this system more care is paid to the procedure than to the result. Formalities, routine and procedures take a very long and avoidable time. The system also suffers from red tapism, nepotism, corruption and encourages underhand means. It fact under this system convenience of the individuals is less cared for and more attention is paid to rigidity of rules and regulations. The bureaucrats do not consider themselves as the servants of the people but of the rulers with the result that they try to please their masters rather than the masses. The system also very much depends, on precedents and previous examples, howsoever badly those might have been established. The system encourages departmentalism and lust for more and more power which leads to self -importance. Burke has said about the bureaucrats: “They think the substance of business is less important than the alarms of it. Their whole education and all the habits of their lives make them do so.” Their sense of self-importance has been much condemned than anything else because through this sense that class consciousness comes which divides the society’ and results in disharmony.
About bureaucratic system of administration it has also been said that is sort of new despotism. The bureaucrats are no less despots because they feel proud of their professional expertness. Lord Hewart has rather very appropriately said that, “A little enquiry will serve to show that there is now, and for some years past has been, a persistent influence at work which, whatever the motives or intentions that support it may be thought to be, undoubtedly has the: effect of placing a large and increasing field of departmental authorityavoidactivitybeyondthe reachof ordinary’ law’.” This new despotism is very’ much feared and hated.
W.A. Rabson has summed up the evils of bureaucracy in these words.: “The maladies from which bureaucracy most frequently suffers are an excessive sense of self - importance on the part of the officials or an undue idea of the importance of their office and indifference towards the feeling or the convenience of individual citizens; an obsession with the binding and inflexible authority of the departmental decisions, precedents, arrangements or forms regardless of his badly or with what injustice they may work in individual cases; a mania for regulations and formal procedure; a I pre occupation with the activities of particular units of administration and an ability to consider the Government as a whole; a governed and an inability to consider the Government as a whole; a governed as an essential party of democratic process.

•    Suggestions for the Removal of Defects

i.    There should be decentralisation54 f authority bemuse concentration of power and
authority corrupts thebureaucracy.

ii.    The duly elected representatives of the people in the legislatures should tighten their grip and not exclusively depend on the bureaucrats for running day-to-day administration of their department.

iii.    Institutions like those of the Lok Pal and judicial tribunals should be encouraged and empowered to look into the grievances of the public against the bureaucrats.

iv.    They should be constantly reminded that they are the servants of the people wdth whom they must establish healthy contacts.

v.    Socially, they should never be allowed, to develop a sense of consciousness.

vi.    Top bureaucrats must be taught to be responsive to public opinion they should be told by direct and indirect means and methods.

vii.    Nepotism in making appointments should be ruthlessly crushed.

viii.    Review of means, obscures and results should be carried out a-’ - administrative research work should be male a regular feature.

ix.    The bureaucracy should be deprived of judicial powers so that the people can help to get justice against, their high-handedness.
Effective political control, good management, efficient personnel administration, effective organisation, internal reviewprofessional morale andnon-officialparticipationinadministration can go a long way in removing many of the evils of bureaucracy.
Theygenerallyend in no definite decisionexcept of continuingthe debate. Besidesbeingkept to the minimum these conferences must have a short agenda, strictly adhered to, the chairman keeping the conference to the discussion and insisting on a decision. Withthe coming of the Planning commission and its incessant activity, conferences within the Planning commission and between members and officials of the Planning commission and representatives of the departments of the Central and the State Governments, have become an almost a daily feature.

• Self-Check Exercise-4
Q.1 What is the characteristics of bureaucracy in developing countries?
Q.2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucratic type of administration?

3.7    Efficiency and Effectiveness
Nothing appears to be so much importan55 t the face of changing and growing demands on
public administration of the Third World than a sustained effort to increase its efficiency and effectiveness for development. The situation of public administration in the Third World countries at the current juncture is
acute because its demands for administrative capabilities have been constantlychanging while the time and resources available to it are limited. Invariable, this means an accumulation of demands that have remained unfulfilled. To meet the continuing demands on the public administration system in the developing countries and to equip it to tackle the emerging problems to the extent possible, it is imperative to plan for enhancing and creating administrative capabilities. Efficiency and effectiveness are the two different aspects of administrative capability requiring urgent for efficiency must permeate all institutions attention.
In public administration they are crucial for the success of social and economic development of the Third world. Although efficiency and effectiveness are two important aspects of Performance and have received constant attention by the governments of developing countries since their independence yet the subject recedes into background as its gets overshadowed by preoccupation with day-today concerns. The issue of efficiency and effectiveness comes to the surface only when; some administration -collapse draws focus to the helplessness state of public administration. This has happened recently in India.
The recent violent happenings in Delhi following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi were described iii several newspapers and journals as ‘administrative collapse’. To quote from India Today, “three days of violence and loot and murder left the national capital dazed,, reeling from an unprecedented holocaust. As a senior Home Ministry official, contemplating the murder of untold hundred, later said: What happened in those three days will remain my life’s most painful enigma.’ He always thought that such a carnage could only take place in far off Assam, but here all that happened riot more than ten kilometers from Rashtrapati Bhavan.
Many articles attributed administrative collapse to ‘police collapse in the capital’. Republic’s rusted instruments and ‘Eroded Administrative questions. According to them the .main reason for administrative collapse was the malign consequences of the increasing politicisations of the bureaucracy, the police and the paramilitary organizations and the main remedy lies in effective personnel administration.
In his first policy statement the Prime, Minister Rajiv Gandhi emphasised the importance of administrative efficiency and effectiveness. He said that a strong concern for efficiency must permeateall institutions. Thequalityof publicservice must be improved. The reward andpunishment must be related to performance. The corrupt, the la^ and the inefficient must be punished. The 56
administrativesystemmust become goal - oriented. Anew work ethic and a new work culture’must be
evolved. The Government must be result-bound and not procedure bound. He wanted administrative machinery to be toned up to ensure efficient and effective implementation of socio-economic, programmes. In his broadcast to the nation on January 5, 1985, the Prime Minister said: “Results will take precedence over procedures. An effective machinery for redressal of public grievances will be set up in offices and department with large public dealings. We must create a new administrative culture for service of the masses. Training of civil servants of all categories will be restructured to develop competence and commitment to the basic values of our society. Deficiencies in performance: wherever they exist, will be quickly overcome.” Recently at the third conference of chief executives of public sector enterprises, he, emphasised that the public sector could not take recourse to old excuses but would have to improve its performance. These statements of the Prime Minister of India should provide inspiration both to the practitioners and academics of public administration to give consideration to the issue of efficiency and effectiveness in the Indian administration.

• Self-Check Exercise-5
Q.1 Describe about the efficiency and effectiveness.

3.8    Goals of Sustainable DevelopmentThe main objectives of the sustainable goals are:

•    To promote the kind of development that minimizes environmental problems.

•    To meet the needs of the existing generation without compromising with the quality of the environment for future generations.
There are seventeen sustainable goals:

1.    NO POVERTY
Eradicating poverty in all its forms remains one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. While the number of people living in extreme poverty dropped by more than half between 1990 and 2015, too many are still struggling for the most basic human needs.

2.    ZERO HUNGER
The number of undernourished people has dropped by almost half in the past two decades because of rapid economic growth and increased agricultural productivity. Many developing countries that used to suffer from famine and hunger can now meet their nutritional needs. Central and East Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean have all made huge progress in eradicating extreme hunger.             57

3.    GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
We have made great progress against several leading causes of death and disease. Life expectancy has increased dramatically; infant and maternal mortality rates have declined, we’ve turned the tide on HIV and malaria deaths have halved.

4.    QUALITY EDUCATION
Since 2000, there has been enormous progress in achieving the target of universal primary education. The total enrollment rate in developing regions reached 91 percent in 2015, and the worldwide number of children out of school has dropped by almost half. There has also been a dramatic increase in literacy rates, and many more girls are in school than ever before. These are all remarkable successes.

5.    GENDER EQUALITY
Ending all discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic human right, it’s crucial for sustainable future; it’s proven that empowering women and girls helps economic growth and development.

6.    CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people, an alarming figure that is projected to rise as temperatures do. Although 2.1 billion people have improved water sanitation since 1990, dwindling drinking water supplies are affecting every continent.

7.    AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
Between 2000 and 2018, the number of people with electricity increased from 78 to 90 percent, and the numbers without electricity dipped to 789 million.
Yet as the population continues to grow, so will the demand for cheap energy, and an economy reliant on fossil fuels is creating drastic changes to our climate

8.    DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Over the past 25 years the number of workers living in extreme poverty has declined dramatically, despite the lasting impact of the 2008 economic crisis and global recession. In developing countries, the middle class now makes up more than 34 percent of total employment – a number that has almost tripled between 1991 and 2015.

9.    INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of economic growth and development. With over half the world po5p8ulation now living in cities, mass transport and
renewable energy are becoming ever more important, as are the growth of new industries and information and communication technologies.

10.    REDUCED INEQUALITIES
Income inequality is on the rise—the richest 10 percent have up to 40 percent of global income whereas the poorest 10 percent earn only between 2 to 7 percent. If we take into account population growth inequality in developing countries, inequality has increased by 11 percent.

11.    SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
More than half of us live in cities. By 2050, two-thirds of all humanity—6.5 billion people—will be urban. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.

12.    RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
Achieving economic growth and sustainable development requires that we urgently reduce our ecological footprint by changing the way we produce and consume goods and resources. Agriculture is the biggest user of water worldwide, and irrigation now claims close to 70 percent of all freshwater for human use.

13.    CLIMATE ACTION
There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects of climate change.
Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50 percent higher than in 1990. Global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens irreversible consequences if we do not act.

14.    LIFE BELOW WATER
The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. How we manage this vital resource is essential for humanity as a whole, and to counterbalance the effects of climate change.

15.    LIFE ON LAND
Human life depends on the earth as much as the ocean for our sustenance and livelihoods. Plant life provides 80 percent of the human diet, and we rely on agriculture as an important economic resources. Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth’s surface, provide vital habitats for millions of species, and important sources for clean air and water, as well as being
crucial for combating climate change.

16.    PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
We cannot hope for sustainable development without peace, stability, human rights and effective governance, based on the rule of law. Yet our world is increasingly divided. Some regions enjoy peace, security and prosperity, while others fall into seemingly endless cycles of conflict and violence. This is not inevitable and must be addressed.

17.    PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
The SDGs can only be realized with strong global partnerships and cooperation. Official Development Assistance remained steady but below target, at US$147 billion in 2017. While humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or natural disasters continue to demand more financial resources and aid. Many countries also require Official Development Assistance to encourage growth and trade.

• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDEX
The Sustainable Development Index (SDI) measures the ecological efficiency of human development, recognizing that development must be achieved within planetary boundaries. It was created to update the Human Development Index (HDI) for the ecological realities of the Anthropocene. The SDI starts with each nation’s human development score (life expectancy, education and income) and divides it by their ecological overshoot: the extent to which consumption-based CO2 emissions and material footprint exceed fair shares of planetary boundaries. Countries that achieve relatively high human development while remaining within or near planetary boundaries rise to the top. It is a global assessment of countries' progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It is published by a group of independent experts at the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN).
Ranking:
Countries are ranked by their overall score.

•    The overall score measures the total progress towards achieving all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

•    The score can be interpreted as a percentage of SDG achievement.

•    A score of 100 indicates that all SDGs have been achieved.
Performance of the Countries:

•    The 2022 SDG Index is topped by Finland, followed by three Nordic countries –Denmark, Sweden and Norway.

•    East and South Asia is the region that progressed most on the SDGs since their adoption in 2015.

•    Bangladesh and Cambodia are the two countries that progressed most on the SDGs since 2015.

•    By contrast Venezuela has declined the most on the SDG Index since their adoption in 2015.

• Self Check Exercise-6
Q.1 What are the goals of sustainable development ?
Q.2 What is sustainable development index?

3.9    Summary
Strategies for sustainable development involve promoting renewable energy, enhancing resource efficiency, encouraging sustainable agriculture, and fostering inclusive governance. The goals of sustainable development are encapsulated in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to eradicate poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all by 2030. The Sustainable Development Index (SDI) is a comprehensive tool that measures a country's progress toward achieving these goals by evaluating various indicators related to economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Together, these strategies, goals, and indices provide a framework for guiding nations toward a more sustainable future.

3.10    Glossary

•    Goals of Sustainable Development: To promote the kind of development that minimizes environmental problems. To meet the needs of the existing generation without compromising with the quality of the environment for future generations Expert, professional class of civil servants, whoare recruited on the basis of merit.

•    Sustainable development Index : The Sustainable Development Index (SDI) measures the ecological efficiency of human development, recognizing that development must be achieved within planetary boundaries. It was created to update the Human Development Index (HDI) for the ecological realities of the Anthropocene.

3.11    Answer to Self Check ExercisesSelf-check Exercise-1
Ans 1. Refer to section 3.3
Self-check Exercise-2
Ans 1. Refer to section 3.4
Ans 2. Refer to section 3.4
Self-check Exercise-3
Ans 1. Refer to section 3.5
Ans 2. Refer to section 3.5
Self-check Exercise-4
Ans 1. Refer to section 3.6
Ans 2. Refer to section
Self-check Exercise-5
Ans 1. Refer to section 3.7
Self-Check Exercise-6
Ans 1. Refer to section 3.8
Ans 2 Refer to section 3.8

3.12    References/Suggested Readings
R.D. Sharma, “Development Administration. Mittal Publication, 2003.
R.K. Sapru, “Development Administration” Sterling publishers New Delhi, 2002.

1.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/

2.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/

3.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-
goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_Eng lish&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9qdBh AOEiwAvxIok-OJyP-
K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-poverty

4.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/

5.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles-And-Values.html

6.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable-development-2627798

7.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development-report-
2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20and% 20120%20in%202021.

8.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs

9.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf

10.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration

3.13    Terminal Questions
Q1. Discuss the seventeen sustainable development goals?
Q2. Discuss the advantages and disadva 62ages of bureaucratic as a type of Administration in achieving SDGs?
UNIT -4
Issues & Challenges of Sustainable Development.
Structure

4.1    Introduction

4.2    Learning Objective

4.3    Challenges in Sustainable Development
Self-Check Exercise-1

4.4    Key Points to Address the Issues and Challenges in Sustainable Development
Self-Check Exercise-2

4.5    Role of Technology in Sustainable Development
Self-Check Exercise-3

4.6    Summary

4.7    Glossary

4.8    Answer to Self Check Exercises

4.9    References/Suggested Readings

4.10    Terminal Questions

4.1    Introduction
Significant progress has been made in the new millennium in achieving global development goals. Poverty was decreasing in all regions of the world, at least until the onset of the global financial crisis, underpinned by strong economic growth in developing countries and emerging economies.
As a result, the first target of the Millennium Development Goals—halving the proportion of people living in extreme poverty globally—has already been met. Improvements in school enrolment rates and health outcomes demonstrate similar progress in the dimension of social development.
Nonetheless, a mere continuation of current strategies will not suffice to meet all the Millennium Development Goals by their 2015 deadline and to achieve sustainable development after 2015. In important areas, development is falling short and targets will be missed, including the reduction of hunger, vulnerable employment and maternal mortality, and improvements in the lives of slum dwellers, among others. Even where global goals have been reached, there are wide disparities between and within countries. Thanks in part to the remarkable growth rates in Asia, the region has made a large contribution to the achievement of global goals. Other regions, and particularly the least developed countries within them, have been less successful. Within countries, economic growth was frequently accompanied by rising income inequality, and the very poor and those discriminated against owing to their sex, age, ethnicity or disability have benefited least from overall progress (United Nations, 2011a). Income inequality is mirrored by very unequal social development and access to health services and education. Such intragenerational inequalities pose an equally important challenge to sustainable development, which is primarily associated with intergenerational equity
These challenges to sustainable development are driven by broad underlying economic, social, technological, demographic and environmental megatrends. Megatrends are understood in this context as major shifts in economic, social and environmental conditions which change societies and substantially impact people at all levels. Both the progress in development that has been achieved in recent decades and its uneven nature are tied intrinsically to changes in the global economy and globalization.

4.2    Learning Objective After going through this lesson the student will be able to know the

•    The concept of Sustainable Development

•    Points to Address the Issues and Challenges in Sustainable Development

•    Role of Technology in Sustainable Development

4.3    Challenges in Sustainable Development
Following are the challenges in Sustainable Development

•    A more integrated, but multipolar and heterogeneous global economy
Globalization is not a new phenomenon. In the nineteenth century, the world economy underwent its first process of globalization, driven by techno6lo4gical progress in the form of lower
transportation and communication costs. The changes in global production are reflected in changing global trade patterns. Overall trade has grown at rates much faster than those of world domestic product, and not only did developing countries expand their share in world trade, but they were able to diversify and increasingly export manufactured products. Yet, not all developing countries benefit from this trend. The least developed countries in particular remain marginalized. It is a big challenge for the sustainable development to include all the countries in the process of development, be it developed, developing and under-developed.

•    Financial globalization and financialization
Financial globalization has led to rapidly increasing and more volatile international capital flows, macroeconomic imbalances and more frequent crises. And since the global financial crisis, crossborder financial flows have declined by more than 60 per cent.

•    Convergence, but greater vulnerability and heterogeneity in the global economy
Deepening globalization has facilitated growth in developing and emerging economies, but has also made national economies more vulnerable to external shocks. There are concerns not only about external shocks, but also about heterogeneity in growth experiences, i.e., about the fact that progress is not uniform. Growth in many countries is not sufficient to enable them to be part of the overall convergence process, or they remain dependent on low value adding resource exports for growth

•    Persistent inequalities
The heterogeneity among countries exists side by side with persistent inequalities, of which income inequality is only one, if the most visible, dimension. While global income inequality has receded slightly in recent years, inequalities within many countries have been rising. These trends are complex and driven by many, often structural and country-specific factors, and they are tightly linked to social, environmental and political inequalities. Nonetheless, globalization has important direct and indirect impacts on inequality. Left unaddressed, these inequalities threaten sustainable development prospects in multiple ways.

•    Demographic changes
The global population reached 7 billion in 2011 and will continue to grow, albeit at a decelerating rate, to reach a projected 9 billion in 2050 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2011). Beyond aggregate global population growth, demographic development is characterized by heterogeneity, as countries are at different stages of their demographic transition. While global population growth is slowing, it is still high in some developing countries, and while the world population as a whole is ageing rapidly, some countries are witnessing an increase in the proportion of youth in their overall population. Such diversity, combined with persistent inequalities, in turn creates migratory pressures both within countries and internationally. These demographic trends pose major challenges for future development strategies at all levels: local development will be shaped by further urbanization, national development strategies will have to adapt to evolving demographic structures, and migratory pressures will have to be addressed at the global level

•    Environmental degradation
The stability of the global environment is under threat from human activity, owing largely to unsustainable consumption patterns that reflect extreme inequalities

•    Threats to global ecosystems
In a number of areas, damage to the global environment is reaching critical levels and threatens to lead to irreversible changes in global ecosystems. Rockstroem and others (2009) have identified interlinked planetary boundaries, and found that in some areas, including most prominently climate change, boundaries have already been exceeded. There is also strong evidence for tipping points to exist for ocean acidification, the phosphorous cycle, and stratospheric ozone depletion, while in other areas, the impacts of environmental degradation may be limited to local and regional ecosystems (Nordhaus and others, 2012). Overwhelmingly, these changes are driven by the reliance on fossil fuels to power economic growth, and by industrialized forms of agriculture, necessary to feed a growing and increasingly wealthy global population

•    Sustainable development in a more interdependent world
Achieving sustainable development post-2015 will entail progress in its four dimensions—
inclusive economic development, inclusive social development, environmental sustainability and effective governance and peace and security (United Nations System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda, 2012). The megatrends discussed above raise multiple challenges which threaten our ability to achieve such progress in the decades ahead. They also reinforce each other in myriad ways, and therefore have to be addressed in a broad and holistic manner, by achieving transformative change in production and consumption patterns, natural resource management, and mechanisms of governance.

•    From quantity to quality:
The quantitative aspect of growth had settled upon the simplistic tendency of cost-benefit analysis about the worth of a productive process. However, the intangibles in nature are difficult to quantify. Thus, new forms of accounting techniques are being developed to quantify the value of flora and fauna in nature so that the material and monetary scarcity can be assessed in real terms. Incentives other than money have been found to be more welcome by communities in a large number of cases.

•    Human self-development is the core of sustainable economic growth:
It draws connection between individual and social change. It also encourages symbiosis between humanity and nature. The dominant industrial system survives upon various forms of mental slavery, which leads to material dependence. Under this system unhealthy relationships are tolerated and creativity and simplicity are suppressed.

•    From patriarchal society and male supremacy towards a holistic paradigm of equity: Unsustainable economic growth is based upon male domination, beliefs in racism, subordination of nature, suppression of women and other weaker sections of the society. Excessive and singleminded emphasis on efficiency in the productive processes ignores these factors and encourages accumulation of surplus to very few. A feminist theory of science, on the other hand, deconstructs, lays open and criticises embedded assumptions that result in the domination of nature and aims at developing alternatives towards a more benign relationship within the society and between society and nature.

•    Polluter Pays principle:
Sustainable economic growth strategies recognise that producers have a genuine responsibility towards people and the labour they employ. Producers who damage conditions of good living and environment must also pay and bear the cost of damage to the society. This is possible in two ways:
One, by internalising the cost of damage in the productive process and the cost of the object produced and two, by a regulatory mechanism such as public liability or insurance acts which may prevent obsolete and polluting technology or hazardous systems from being used in a poor region.

•    Appropriate technology and community-owned firms:
Appropriate technology refers to technologies that do not necessarily require large capital and resource intensive industrial systems. It is also need based. Community firms or community owned firms or municipally owned enterprises work not only for profit but also to protect and represent community interests such as local developmental issues that are often termed as ‘Non-Profit Organisations’. They are also referred to as ‘Community Corporations’ and provide alternatives to large capital and resource intensive industrial systems.

•    Self-Check Exercise-1
Q.1 What are the challenges in sustainable development? Elaborate.

4.4    Key Points to Address the Issues and Challenges in Sustainable Development

•    Appropriate Knowledge:
Knowledge, in order to be appropriate, has to be rooted in the community resource use pattern and is politically neutral. It has to be ensured that channels are created within institutions to allow for this knowledge to be effectively and clearly communicated to those making decisions. Prevailing systems suggest excessive focus upon formal or codified types of knowledge ignoring the tacit or experiential knowledge embedded in community practices appropriate to capturing local dynamics and locally differentiated patterns of resource use. Therefore assessments of needs and decisions on action are to be based on the views of all, even those that may not be less endowed with formal knowledge organised through formal education systems (usually the poor and marginalized sections of population). In this respect Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPAs) are a major step towards the poor defining their needs, and having a say in decisions affecting them: PPAs are making national as well as local impacts (national PPAs have been produced for example in Uganda, Zambia, and others). This reorients the ownership and management patterns of natural resource as well as contributes to enhancing overall effectiveness being rooted in people’s everyday understanding and knowledge of ecological processes.

•    Equitable:
Equity is the basis of sustainable development policies. Questions such as who decides on resource
use policies and approaches and who benefits from them suggest the need for an equitable
68
economic base. Institutions can play a key role in redistributing tangible assets (especially land, securing land rights and rights to services, removing restrictions which impoverish and weaken the poor) and in implementing measures to guard against discrimination in all its guises. The principle of equity needs to guide not only how institutions govern access to resources and assets, but also in determining what assets are needed and created (i.e. in terms of technology, infrastructure, etc.). Focus on equitable growth ensures long-term benefits to mankind.

•    Participatory:
Participation is necessary for effective policy and for guarding against arrogance and suspicion when institutions assume the right to make decisions on behalf of others. Groups engaged in livelihoods often do not have the resources and political influence to represent their interests in national and international fora. It is more realistic to explore ways in which such groups, for example, of farmers and others, can feed their concerns into regional and national decision-making in such a way that the concerns can then go on to be represented at the international level.

•    Flexible/adaptable: Institutions for sustainable livelihood are opposed to the top down or trickle-down approaches. They are flexible enough to accommodate changing political and ecological circumstances- making sure that the adoption of procedures are not bogged down by inertia, routine or agency capture. This is particularly important where institutions have to react and respond quickly to changing resource needs. Flexibility provides security, creativity and drive for innovation.

•    Enforceable: Policies that propose solutions to particular problems have to be sensitive to the problems of enforcement and implementation, often in very adverse conditions. Policies that fail to be implemented undermine trust and respect in an institution which is critical to its overall success. Enforcement procedures need to be clear and realistic and reporting mechanisms need to be transparent in order to demonstrate effectively whether policy commitments have been met.

•    Self-Check Exercise-2
Q.1 Highlight the key points to address the issues and challenges in sustainable development.

4.5    Role of Technology in Sustainable Development

i.    Relevance to the factor endowments of the nation,

ii.    Optimum utilisation of natural and human resources,

iii.    Maximisation of output, of basic consumption goods and services and of the rate of growth, iv. reduction of balance of payments deficits and unemployment,

v.    Greater equity in the distribution of income,

vi.    improvement in quality of life,

vii.    Promotion of political development and stability,
viii. Contribution to regional development,

ix.    Ability to solve or avoid environmental problems,

x.    Relevance to cultural environment and social tradition
The primary requirement of sustainable development and prosperity in the world is to make the international economic system more equitable and just so that the developing countries can access it more vibrantly. It would also need a firm action towards debt servicing so that the poor countries may come out of the debt trap and participate in the world economic recovery programmes. Success of sustainable development is dependent upon the capacity development of the developing countries and environmental management. The main purpose of this programme would be to establish better management practices for both the human and the natural resources through innovations in technology, social policies, political and cultural paradigms.

• Self Check Exercise-3
Q.1 What is the role of technology in sustainable development?

4.6    Summary
Sustainable development faces several issues and challenges that hinder progress. Key obstacles include resource depletion, environmental degradation, and climate change, which threaten ecological balance and future generations' well-being. Additionally, socio-economic disparities often lead to unequal access to resources and opportunities, complicating efforts to achieve inclusivity. Political instability and insufficient governance can impede the implementation of sustainable policies, while inadequate funding and technological barriers limit innovation and infrastructure development. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated global efforts, effective policies, and active participation from all stakeholders to create a sustainable future for all.

4.7    Glossary

• Flexible/adaptable: Institutions for sustainable livelihood are opposed to the top down or trickle-down approaches.
Enforceable: Policies that propose solutions to particular problems have to be sensitive to the problems of enforcement and implementation, often in very adverse conditions.

4.8    Answer to Self Check ExercisesSelf-check Exercise-1
Ans 1. Refer to section 4.3
Self-check Exercise-2
Ans 1. Refer to section 4.4
Self-check Exercise-3
Ans 1. Refer to section

4.9    References/Suggested Readings

1.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/

2.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/

3.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-
goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English &utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9qdBhAOEiw AvxIok-OJyP-
K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-poverty

4.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/

5.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles-And-Values.html

6.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable-development-2627798

7.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development-report-
2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20and%201 20%20in%202021.

8.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs

9.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf

10.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration

4.10    Terminal Questions
Q.1 What are the issues and challenges in Sustainable Development? Describe some solutions
to it.
UNIT -5
SMART Cities Mission, AMRUT Mission
Structure

5.1    Introduction

5.2    Learning Objective

5.3    Six fundamental principles of the concept of Smart Cities
Self-Check Exercise-1

5.4    Features of Smart Cities
Self-Check Exercise-2

5.5    Selection Process of Smart Cities
Self-Check Exercise-3

5.6    Convergence of Schemes in Smart Cities
Self-Check Exercise-4

5.7    Challenges Faced by Smart City Mission
Self-Check Exercise-5

5.8    Mission Components
Self-Check Exercise-6

5.9    Status of AMRUT Mission in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
Self-Check Exercise-7

5.10    Summary

5.11    Glossary

5.12    Answer to Self-Check Exercise

5.13    References/Suggested Readings

5.14    Terminal Questions
5.1 Introduction
Smart Cities Mission was launched by the Hon’ Prime Minister on 25 June, 2015. The main objective of the Mission is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure, clean and sustainable environment and give a decent quality of life to their citizens through the application of ‘smart solutions’. The Mission aims to drive economic growth and improve quality of life through comprehensive work on social, economic, physical and institutional pillars of the city. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development by creation of replicable models which act as lighthouses to other aspiring cities. 100 cities have been selected to be developed as Smart Cities through a two-stage competition. The Mission is operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Central Government will give financial support to the extent of Rs. 48,000 crores over 5 years i.e. on an average Rs.100 crore per city per year. An equal amount on a matching basis is to be provided by the

5 State/ULB. Additional resources are to be raised through convergence, from ULBs’ own funds, grants under Finance Commission, innovative finance mechanisms such as Municipal Bonds, other government programs and borrowings. Emphasis has been given on the participation of private sector through Public Private Partnerships (PPP). Citizens’ aspirations were captured in the Smart City Proposals (SCPs) prepared by the selected cities. Aggregated at the national level, these proposals contained more than 5,000 projects worth over Rs. 2,00,000 crores, of which 45 percent is to be funded through Mission grants, 21 percent through convergence, 21 percent through PPP and rest from other sources.

5.2    Learning Objective: After going through this lesson the student will be able to know the

•    Principles of the concept of Smart Cities

•    Key elements of the Smart Cities Mission

•    Features of Smart Cities

•    AMRUT Mission

•    Mission Components and Coverage of AMRUT

5.3    Six fundamental principles of the concept of Smart Cities

i.    Community at the core of the planning and implementation

ii.    Ability to generate greater outcomes with the use of lesser resources

iii.   Cooperative and competitive federalism

iv.   Integration, innovation and Sustainability

v.    Technology as means, not the goal

vi.    Sectoral and financial convergence

•    Key elements of the Smart Cities Mission:
Area-Based Development: The mission focuses on developing specific areas within a city, rather than the city as a whole. This allows cities to target specific challenges and opportunities in a more targeted and effective way.
City Challenge Competition: Cities participating in the mission are required to submit proposals detailing their plans for implementing smart city solutions. The best proposals are selected through a city challenge competition.
Public-Private Partnerships: The mission encourages the use of public-private partnerships to fund and implement smart city projects. This helps to leverage private sector expertise and resources to drive innovation and sustainability.
Citizen Participation: The mission emphasizes the importance of involving citizens in the planning and implementation process. This helps to ensure that smart city solutions are aligned with the needs and priorities of the community.
Technology and Data: The use of technology and data is a key component of the mission. This includes the use of sensors, smart devices, and data analytics to gather and analyze data on various aspects of city life, such as traffic patterns, energy usage, and waste management.
By implementing the Smart Cities Mission, cities can address a wide range of challenges and improve the quality of life for their citizens. However, it is important for cities to carefully plan and execute their smart city projects to ensure that they are effective and sustainable in the long run.

•    Self-Check Exercise-1
Q.1 Write a short note in Smart City Mission
Q.2 What are the six fundamental principles of the concept of Smart Cities?

5.4    Features of Smart Cities
Competitiveness: It refers to the city’s ability to create employment opportunities, attract investments, professionals, and labor, and provide an edge to other cities. The ease of doing business and the quality of life-work it offers determines its competitiveness.
Sustainability: It includes social sustainability, fi7n4ancial sustainability, and environmental
sustainability which lasts for the future.
Quality of Life: It includes inclusiveness, entertainment, ease of obtaining public services, costefficient healthcare, quality education, safety and security, transparency and accountability, opportunities for participation in governance, and a pollution-free environment.
Housing and Inclusiveness: To expand housing opportunities for all; especially for the poor and marginalized.
Greenery: Increase the aesthetic value of cities by developing greenery within and outside along with well-maintained open spaces like the park
Pollution Fewer cities: Reduce pollution by promoting public transport or establishing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g., walking and cycling).
Identity to the city: Based on the main economic activity of the city such as local cuisine, healthcare, education, arts and craft, heritage, sports, textile, dairy, etc; the city can be identified under the Smart City Mission.
Smart Solutions: For infrastructure and services development use smart solutions. For example, to make cities less vulnerable to disasters, use fewer resources for development, and provide cheaper services to citizens through smart initiatives.

• Self-Check Exercise-2
Q.1 What are the features of Smart city?

5.5    Selection Process of Smart Cities
Process of Selection
The selection process of Smart Cities was based on the idea of Competitive and Co-operative Federalism. It is for the first time in the urban history of India that cities were selected based on competition. A two-stage selection process was followed. 100 smart cities were first distributed amongst the States and UTs on the basis of equitable criteria. In the first stage, States/UT shortlisted potential smart cities on the basis of certain pre-conditions and scores. In the second stage of the competition, each of the potential 100 smart cities prepared their Smart City Proposal (SCP) which contained the model chosen (retrofitting or redevelopment or green-field development or a mix thereof) and additionally included a Pan-city dimension with smart solutions.
All 100 smart cities have been selected through a City Challenge Process in four rounds as below:

•    20 Smart Cities selected in Round 1 in January 2016

•  13 Smart Cities were selected in Fast Track Round in May 2016

•  27 Smart Cities selected in Round 2 in September 2016

•  30 Smart Cities selected in Round 3 in June 2017 and

•  10 Smart Cities selected in Round 4 in January/June 2018
Each aspiring city competes for selection as a Smart City in what is called a ‘City Challenge’. There are two stages in the selection process. After the number has been indicated to the respective Chief Secretaries, as outlined in para 8 above, the State/UT will undertake the following steps:-Stage 1 of the competition:
Shortlisting of cities by States The State/UT began with shortlisting the potential Smart Cities on the basis of conditions precedent and scoring criteria and in accordance with the total number allocated to it. The first stage of the competition was intra-state, in which cities in the State competed on the conditions precedent and the scoring criteria laid out. These conditions precedent were met by the potential cities to succeed in the first round of competition and the highest scoring potential Smart Cities was shortlisted and recommended to participate in Stage 2 of the Challenge. The information sent by the ULBs in the forms was evaluated by the State Mission Director and the evaluation placed before the State-level High Powered Steering Committee (HPSC) for approval. The cities emerging successful in the first round of competition were sent by the State/UT as the recommended shortlist of Smart Cities to MoUD by the stipulated date (to be indicated in the letter to Chief Secretaries). The State Government filled the form and sent the details with the recommended list. The MoUD thereafter announced the list of 100 Smart Cities.
Stage 2 of the competition:
The Challenge round for selection In the second stage of the competition, each of the potential 100 Smart Cities prepared their proposals for participation in the ‘City Challenge’. This was a crucial stage as each city’s Smart City 12 Proposal was expected to contain the model chosen, whether retrofitting or redevelopment or greenfield development or a mix thereof, and additionally included a Pan-City dimension with Smart Solutions. The SCP also outlined the consultations held with the city residents and other stakeholders, how the aspirations were matched with the vision contained in the SCP and importantly, what was the proposal for financing of the Smart City plan including the revenue model to attract private participation. An evaluation criteria for the SCPs had been worked out by MoUD based on professional advice and this acted as guidance to the cities for preparing
their proposal.

•    Scheme for the Selection Process
Below are given the scoring criteria to be used by the States/UTs to score the potential Smart Cities and send the names of cities with the highest scores to MoUD for their selection to participate in the Stage 2 of the Challenge:

•    Existing Service Levels
Percentage of increase over Census 2011 or Swachh Bharat baseline on number of household sanitary latrines.
Making operable Online Grievance Redressal System with response being sent back to complainant At-least first monthly e-newsletter published and Electronically place project-wise municipal budget expenditure information for the last two financial years on the website

•    Institutional Systems/ Capacities
Started to levy compensatory penalty for delays in service delivery
Has the total collection of internally generated revenue

•    Self-financing
Payment of salaries by ULB up-to last month
Audit of accounts
Percentage contribution of tax revenue, fees and user charges, rents and other internal revenue sources to the ULB Budget
Percentage of operation and maintenance cost of water supply, which is met by collected user charges for supply of water

•    Past track record and reforms
Percentage of internal revenue sources (self-generated) budget funds used for capital works
Percentage of City-level JnNURM Reforms achieved
Percentage of JnNURM projects completed, which were sanctioned during the original Mission period

•    Self-Check Exercise-3
Q.1 Discuss about the Selection Process of Smart Cities.

5.6    Convergence of Schemes in Smart Cities
Comprehensive development occurs in areas by in7t7egrating the physical, institutional, social and
economic infrastructure. Many of the sectoral schemes of the Government converge in this goal, although the path is different. There is a strong complementarity between the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Smart Cities Mission in achieving urban transformation. While AMRUT follows a project-based approach, the Smart Cities Mission follows an area-based strategy.
Similarly, great benefit can be derived by seeking convergence of other Central and State Government Programs/Schemes with the Smart Cities Mission. At the planning stage itself, cities must seek convergence in the SCP with AMRUT, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), Digital India, Skill development, Housing for All, construction of Museums funded by the Culture Department and other programs connected to social infrastructure such as Health, Education and Culture

•    The Strategy of Smart Cities Mission
The strategic components of area-based development in the Smart Cities Mission are as follows: City improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment), and city extension (greenfield development) plus a Pan-city initiative in which smart methods are applied to cover a large part of the city.
Retrofitting: It introduces planning in an existing built-up area to achieve Smart City objectives, along with other objectives, to make the existing area more efficient, effective, and livable. In this, an area consisting of more than 500 acres is to be identified by the city body in consultation with citizens.
Redevelopment: It affects a replacement of the existing built-up environment and enables the cocreation of new structures with enhanced infrastructure using mixed land use, increased density, and new technology.
Greenfield Development: It introduces most of the Smart Solutions in a vacant area with innovative planning, plan to finance, and plan implementation tools (e.g. land pooling/ land reconstitution) for affordable and sustainable housing especially for the poor.
Pan-City Development: It envisages the application of selected Smart City Solutions to the existing city-wide infrastructure. Application of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology, information, and data to make infrastructure, governance, and services better.

•    Implementation and Financing of Smart City:
The implementation of the SCM is to be done by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). It will plan,
appraise, approve, finance, implement, manage, organize, monitor, and evaluate the Smart City projects. It is headed by a full-time CEO and has nominees of Central Government, State Government, and ULB. The Mission is financed by Central Government to the extent of Rs. 48,000 crores over five years as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) and an equal amount have to be contributed by the State and ULB; therefore, nearly Rupees one lakh crore of Government/ULB funds be available for Smart Cities development across India.

•    Self-Check Exercise-4
Q.1 Discuss about the convergence of Schemes in Smart Cities.

5.7    Challenges Faced by Smart City Mission
Design-related challenges: The smart city concept is based on the belief that technology can solve any problem without fundamentally changing lifestyles which may be an oversimplification of reality. Seeing the diversity of a country like India, the heterogeneity of its cities cannot be accommodated in a linear vision that is backed by technology. Also, the combined funding from the union and state governments, as well as the urban local bodies, for all cities is less than Rs 1 lakh crore which is disproportionately a small sum to develop 100+ Smart Cities. Smart city projects have sidelined state ministries and agencies by establishing direct contact and transfer of funds to urban bodies by the Centre. Also, the municipal commissioners, who are trained to administer the city, are struggling to make the transition in their roles from city administrator to city planner. Implementation-related challenges: Implementation of any mission related to urban infrastructure is the biggest challenge; as seen in Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) nearly 54 percent of such projects are yet to be completed even after 15 years.
Selection of Investment model and continuity of model is a big issue; as many private investors back off such large scale mission. Also, most ULBs have limited technical capacity, manpower, and financial crunches. And for timely completion of the project, all clearances should use online processes and be cleared in a time-bound manner.

•    AMRUT Mission
The Amrut Scheme was the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. It was renamed and relaunched on 25th June 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The Central Government allocated a sum of INR 50,000 crore to the AMRUT Yojana for 5 years, from FY20156-16 to
FY2019-20. The Government also launched AMRUT 2.0 on 1st October 2021 with an approximately INR 76,760 crore allocation from the Central Government for five years, from FY2021-22 to FY2025-26. Its focus lies on water conservation, reuse and recycling of water, and rejuvenation of water bodies
The purpose of Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) is to Ensure that every household has access to a tap with the assured supply of water and a sewerage connection.
Increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and well maintained open spaces (e.g. parks) and
Reduce pollution by switching to public transport or constructing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g. walking and cycling). All these outcomes are valued by citizens, particularly women, and indicators and standards have been prescribed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA ) in the form of Service Level Benchmarks (SLBs).

•    Self-Check Exercise-5
Q.1 What are the challenges Faced by Smart City Mission?
Q.2 Write a short note on Amrut mission.

5.8    Mission Components
The components of the AMRUT consist of capacity building, reform implementation, water supply, sewerage and septage management, storm water drainage, urban transport and development of green spaces and parks. During the process of planning, the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) will strive to include some smart features in the physical infrastructure components. The details of the Mission components are given below.

•    Water Supply
Water supply systems including augmentation of existing water supply, water treatment plants and universal metering.
Rehabilitation of old water supply systems, including treatment plants.
Rejuvenation of water bodies specifically for drinking water supply and recharging of ground water. Special water supply arrangement for difficult areas, hill and coastal cities, including those having water quality problems (e.g. arsenic, fluoride)

•    Sewerage
Decentralised, networked underground sewerage systems, including augmentation of existing sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants.
Rehabilitation of old sewerage system and treatment plants.
Recycling of water for beneficial purposes and reuse of wastewater.

•    Storm Water Drainage
Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains in order to reduce and eliminate flooding.

•    Urban Transport
Footpaths/ walkways, sidewalks, foot over-bridges and facilities for non-motorised transport (e.g. bicycles).
Multi-level parking.

•    Green Spaces and Parks
Development of green space and parks with special provision for children, senior citizens and Divyang friendly components.

•    Coverage of Amrut Scheme

•    Amrut Scheme covers 500 cities, categorized as follows:

•    According to the Census of 2011, cities and towns with a population of over 1 lakh, along with notified Municipalities (including Cantonment Boards)

•    Other capital cities/towns of States/Union Territories

•    Cities/towns classified by the MoHUA as Heritage Cities under the HRIDAY Scheme

•    13 cities and towns having a population of 75,000-1,00,000, situated on the banks of the main rivers are also covered under Amrut Scheme.

•    10 cities, a maximum of one from each state, hill states, islands, and tourist destinations.

•    Self-Check Exercise-6
Q.1 What are the Amrute mission components?
Q.2 Write a short note on coverage of Amrut scheme.

5.9    Status of AMRUT Mission in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh is ranked 15th and Uttarakhand 24th in AMRUT’s National rankings (performance-based).
Odisha topped the rankings.
Both the States have implemented the Online Building Permission System (OBPS) in their Mission cities.                                                      81
OBPS is a part of ‘Ease of Doing Business’ and should be implemented in all the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) apart from Mission cities.
The Credit Rating work has been completed in all Mission cities in the two States.
Credit rating is an assessment of an ULB’s ability to pay its financial obligations.
Both the States were informed that the Ministry has developed a common Dashboard for all the Missions (e.g. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban, Smart Cities Mission) of the Ministry where information relating to all States/UT and cities would be available. The States/UT may use this facility for monitoring                                   the                                   progress.
States were requested to update the details of Missions regularly so that the progress would be updated in the portal/dashboard. This data is used for monitoring, reviewing and assessment of monthly rankings on the progress among the states

• Self Check Exercise-7
Q.1 What is the Status of AMRUT Mission in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh?

5.10    Summary
The SMART Cities Missio is an initiative aimed at promoting sustainable and inclusive urban development by transforming cities through smart solutions in infrastructure, services, and governance. This mission focuses on enhancing the quality of life for residents by implementing technology-driven solutions that improve efficiency and citizen engagement.The AMRUT Mission(Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation) complements this by focusing on improving basic urban infrastructure in cities, such as water supply, sewage management, and green spaces. Both initiatives aim to create livable and resilient urban environments, fostering holistic urban development in India.

5.11    Glossary

a.    Smart city mission: Smart Cities Mission was launched by the Hon’ Prime Minister on 25 June, 2015. The main objective of the Mission is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure, clean and sustainable environment and give a decent quality of life to their citizens through the application of ‘smart solutions’

b.    AMRUT scheme: The Amrut Scheme was the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission. It was renamed and relaunched on 25th June 2015 by Prime Minister .Its focus lies on water cons82 vation, reuse and recycling of water, and
rejuvenation of water bodies.

5.12    Answer to Self-Check Exercise
Self-check Exercise-1
Ans 1. Refer to section 5.2
Ans 2. Refer to section 5.3
Self-check Exercise-2
Ans 1. Refer to section 5.4
Self-check Exercise-3
Ans 1. Refer to section 5.5
Self-check Exercise-4
Ans 1. Refer to section 5.6
Self-check Exercise-5
Ans 1. Refer to section 5.7
Ans 2. Refer to section 5.7
Self-check Exercise-6
Ans 1. Refer to section 5.8
Ans 2. Refer to section 5.8
Self-Check Exercise-7
Ans 1. Refer to section 5.9

5.13    References/Suggested Readings

1.    https://higherstudy.org/development-administration-traditional-public-administration/

2.    https://byjus.com/commerce/meaning-and-features-of-sustainable-development/

3.    https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-
goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English&ut m_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAh9qdBhAOEiwAvxIok-OJyP-K8t4WIUaFYXGPENKNFB4ctdzybZBfFDiXBXDbC8ylHx9UKhoCQwcQAvD_BwE#no-poverty

4.    https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/

5.    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles-And-Values.html

6.    https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-these-six-major-criteria-are-a-must-for-sustainable-development-2627798

7.    https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sustainable-development-report-2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20global%20Sustainable%20Development,2020%20and%20120% 20in%202021.

8.    https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/s83f-help-groups-shgs

9.    https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/15531/1/Unit-1.pdf

10.    https://corpbiz.io/ngo-registration

5.14    Terminal Questions
Q.1 What is smart city mission. Discuss in detail?
Q.2 What is AMRUT Scheme. Discuss in detail the preequisites for its successful implementation?
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